Vector Mechanics For Engineers: Dynamics: Twelfth Edition

Vector Mechanics For Engineers:
Dynamics
Twelfth Edition
Chapter 13
Kinetics of Particles: Energy
and Momentum Methods
© TomMiles
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Contents
Introduction Sample Problem 13.8
Work of a Force Sample Problem 13.10
Principle of Work & Energy Sample Problem 13.12
Applications of the Principle of Work Principle of Impulse and Momentum
& Energy Impulsive Motion
Power and Efficiency Sample Problem 13.13
Sample Problem 13.1 Sample Problem 13.16
Sample Problem 13.2 Sample Problem 13.17
Sample Problem 13.3 Impact
Sample Problem 13.6 Direct Central Impact
Sample Problem 13.7 Oblique Central Impact
Potential Energy Problems Involving Multiple Principles
Conservative Forces Sample Problem 13.19
Conservation of Energy Sample Problem 13.20
Motion Under a Conservative Central Sample Problem 13.21
Force
Sample Problem 13.22
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
Energy and Momentum Methods
The potential energy of the Impact tests are often
roller coaster car is converted analyzed by using
into kinetic energy as it momentum methods.
descends the track.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. © Dynamic Graphics/Superstock RF, © Sandia National

Introduction 1
• Previously, problems dealing with the motion of particles

were solved through the fundamental equation of motion,
 
F  ma.
• The current chapter introduces two additional methods of
analysis.
• Method of work and energy: directly relates force, mass,

velocity and displacement.
• Method of impulse and momentum: directly relates
force, mass, velocity, and time.

Introduction 2
Approaches to Kinetics Problems
   t2  
 F  maG T1  U12  T2 mv1   F dt  mv2
t1
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. © Tony Hertz/ Alamy

Work of a Force 1

• Differential vector dr is the particle displacement.
• Work of the force is

 
dU  F  dr
 F ds cos 
 Fx dx  Fy dy  Fz dz
• Work is a scalar quantity, that is, it has magnitude and
begin underline end underline
sign but not direction.
• Dimensions of work are length×force. Units

are
1 J  joule  1 N 1 m  1ft  lb  1.356 J

Work of a Force 2
• Work of a force during a finite displacement,

A2 

U12   F  dr
A1
s2 s2
  F cos ds   Ft ds
s1 s1
A2

  Fx dx  Fy dy  Fz dz 
A1
• Work is represented by the area under the

curve of Ft plotted against s.
• Ft is the force in the direction of the

displacement ds

Work of a Force 3
What is the work of a constant force in

rectilinear motion?
a) U12  F x
b) U12   F cos   x
c) U12   F sin   x
d) U12  0

Work of a Force 4
What is the work of a constant force in

rectilinear motion?
a) U12  F x
b) Answer U12   F cos   x
c) U12   F sin   x
d) U12  0

Work of a Force 5
• Work of the force of gravity,
dU  Fx dx  Fy dy  Fz dz
 W dy
y2
U12    W dy
y1
 W  y 2  y1   W y
• Work of the weight is equal to product of

weight W and vertical displacement Δy.
• In the figure above, when is the work done by the weight positive?
a) Moving from y1 to y2 b) Moving from y2 to y1 c) Never

Work of a Force 6
• Work of the force of gravity,
dU  Fx dx  Fy dy  Fz dz
 W dy
y2
U12    W dy
y1
 W  y 2  y1   W y
• Work of the weight is equal to product of

weight W and vertical displacement Δy.
• In the figure above, when is the work done by the weight positive?
a) Moving from y1 to y2 Answer: b) Moving from y2 to y1 c) Never

Work of a Force 7
• Magnitude of the force exerted by a spring is

proportional to deflection,
• Work of the force exerted by spring,
dU   F dx   kx dx
x2
U12    kx dx  12 kx12  12 kx22
x1
• Work of the force exerted by spring is positive

when x2 < x1 , that is, when the spring is returning
to
its undeformed position.
• Work of the force exerted by the spring is equal to
negative of area under curve of F plotted against x,
U12   12 F1  F2  x

Work of a Force 8
Displacement is
As the block moves from A0 to A1, is in the opposite
direction of the
the work positive or negative? force
Positive Negative
As the block moves from A2 to Ao, is the

work positive or negative?
Positive Negative
Work of a Force 9
Displacement is
As the block moves from A0 to A1, is in the opposite
direction of the
the work positive or negative? force
Positive Answer: Negative
As the block moves from A2 to Ao, is the

work positive or negative?
Answer: Positive Negative
Work of a Force 10
Work of a gravitational force (assume particle M

occupies fixed position O while particle m follows path
shown),
Mm
dU   Fdr  G 2
dr
r
r2
Mm Mm Mm
U12    G dr  G G
r1 r2 r2 r1

Work of a Force 11
Does the normal force do work as the

block slides from B to A?
YES NO
Does the weight do work as

the block slides from B to A? Positive or
Negative work?
YES NO
Work of a Force 12
Does the normal force do work as the

block slides from B to A?
YES Answer: NO
Does the weight do work as

the block slides from B to A? Positive or
Negative work?
Answer: YES NO
Work of a Force 13
Forces which do not do work  ds  0 or cos   0 

• Reaction at frictionless pin supporting rotating body,
• Reaction at frictionless surface when body
in contact moves along surface,
• Reaction at a roller moving along its track, and
• Weight of a body when its center of gravity

moves horizontally.

Principle of Work & Energy

• Consider a particle of mass m acted upon by force F ,
dv
Ft  mat  m
dt
dv ds dv
m  mv
ds dt ds
F t ds  mv dv
• Integrating from A1 to A2 ,
s2 v2
2 2
 Ft ds  m  v dv  12 mv2  12 mv1
s1 v1
U12  T2  T1 T  12 mv 2  kinetic energy


• The work of the force F is equal to the change in
kinetic energy of the particle.
• Units of work and kinetic energy are the same:

2
1 mv 2 m  m
T 2
 kg    kg 2 m  N  m  J
s  s 

Applications of the Principle of Work
and Energy 1

• Force P acts normal to path and does no
work.
T1  U12  T2
1W 2
0  Wl  v2
2 g
v2  2 gl
• The bob is released
from rest at position • Velocity is found without determining
A1. Determine the expression for acceleration and
velocity of the integrating.
• All quantities are scalars and can be added
pendulum bob at A2
directly.
using work & kinetic
energy. • Forces which do no work are eliminated
from the problem.

Applications of the Principle of Work
and Energy 2
• Principle of work and energy cannot be

applied to directly determine the acceleration
of the pendulum bob.
• Calculating the tension in the cord requires
supplementing the method of work and energy with
an application of Newton’s second law.
• As the bob passes through A2 ,
 Fn  m an
W v22
P W 
g l
W 2 gl
v2  2 gl P W   3W
g l
If you designed the rope to hold twice the weight of the bob, what would happen?
Power and Efficiency
• Power = rate at which work is done.
 
dU F  dr
 
dt dt
 
 F v
• Dimensions of power are work/time or force*velocity.
Units for power are:
J m ft  lb
1 W (watt)  1  1 N  or 1 hp  550  746 W
s s s
•   efficiency
output work

input work
power output

power input

Sample Problem 13.1 1
Strategy:
• Evaluate the change in kinetic energy.
• Determine the distance required for the

work to equal the kinetic energy change.
An automobile weighing 4000 lb is

driven down a 5 incline at a speed of
60 mi/h when the brakes are applied
causing a constant total breaking force
of 1500 lb.
Determine the distance traveled by the

automobile as it comes to a stop.
Modeling and Analysis:
• Evaluate the change in kinetic energy.

 mi  5280 ft  h 
v1   60     88 ft s
 h  mi  3600 s 
T1  12 mv12  12 4000 32.2 882  481000ft  lb
v2  0 T2  0
• Determine the distance required for the work

to equal the kinetic energy change.
U12   1500 lbx  4000 lbsin 5x
 1151 lbx
T1  U12  T2
481000ft  lb  1151 lbx  0
x  418 ft
Reflect and Think
• Solving this problem using Newton’s

second law would require determining
the car’s deceleration from the free-
body diagram and then integrating this
to use the given velocity information.
• Using the principle of work and

energy allows you to avoid that
calculation.

Strategy:
• Apply the principle of work and

energy separately to blocks A and B.
• When the two relations are

combined, the work of the cable
forces cancel. Solve for the velocity.
Two blocks are joined by an inextensible
cable as shown. If the system is released
from rest, determine the velocity of block
A after it has moved 2 m. Assume that the
coefficient of friction between block A and
the plane is μk = 0.25 and that the pulley is
weightless and frictionless.

Modeling and Analysis

• Apply the principle of work and energy separately
to blocks A and B.
 
W A  200 kg  9.81m s 2  1962 N
FA   k N A   k W A  0.251962 N   490 N
T1  U12  T2 :
0  FC 2 m   FA 2 m   12 m A v 2
FC 2 m   490 N 2 m   12 200 kg v 2
 
WB  300 kg  9.81m s 2  2940 N
T1  U12  T2 :
0  Fc 2 m   WB 2 m   12 m B v 2
 Fc 2 m   2940 N 2 m   12 300 kg v 2

• When the two relations are combined, the work of

the cable forces cancel. Solve for the velocity.
FC 2 m   490 N 2 m   12 200 kg v 2
 Fc 2 m   2940 N 2 m   12 300 kg v 2
2940 N 2 m   490 N 2 m   12 200 kg  300 kg v 2

4900 J  12 500 kg v 2
v  4.43 m s
Reflect and Think:
This problem can also be solved by applying the principle
of work and energy to the combined system of blocks.
When using the principle of work and energy, it usually
saves time to choose your system to be everything that
moves.

13.2 – Alternate Solution, Group Problem
Solving
Could you apply work-energy to the combined
system of blocks?
Given: v1  0, distance  2 m, μk  0.25
What is T1 of the system?

T1  0
What is the total work done between points 1 and 2?

U12    0.25  200 9.81 2 m   300 9.81 2 m   4900 J
Note that v A = vB
What is T2 of the system?
T2  12 mAv 2  12 mB v 2  1
2  200 kg  v 2  12 300 kg  v 2
Solve for v
4900 J  1
2 500 kg  v 2
v  4.43 m s
Strategy:
• Apply the principle of work and

energy between the initial position
and the point at which the spring is
A spring is used to stop a 60 kg package fully compressed and the velocity is
which is sliding on a horizontal surface. zero. The only unknown in the
The spring has a constant k = 20 kN/m relation is the friction coefficient.
and is held by cables so that it is initially
compressed 120 mm. The package has a • Apply the principle of work and
velocity of 2.5 m/s in the position shown energy for the rebound of the package.
and the maximum deflection of the The only unknown in the relation is the
spring is 40 mm. velocity at the final position.
Determine (a) the coefficient of kinetic
friction between the package and surface
and (b) the velocity of the package as it
passes again through the position shown.


• Apply principle of work and energy between initial
position and the point at which spring is fully compressed.
T1  12 mv12  12 60 kg 2.5 m s 2  187.5 J T2  0
U12  f    kW x
 
   k 60 kg  9.81m s 2 0.640 m   377 J  k
Pmin  kx0  20 kN m 0.120 m   2400 N

Pmax  k x0  x   20 kN m 0.160 m   3200 N
U12 e   12 Pmin  Pmax x
  12 2400 N  3200 N 0.040 m   112 .0 J
U1 2  U1 2  f  U1 2 e  377 J  k  112 J
T1  U1 2  T2 :
187.5 J - 377 J  k  112 J  0
 k  0.20
• Apply the principle of work and energy for the rebound

of the package.
T2  0 T 3 12 mv32  12 60kg v32
U 23  U 23  f  U 23 e  377 J  k  112 J

 36.5 J
T2  U 23  T3 :
0  36.5 J  12 60 kg v32 v3  1.103 m s
Reflect and Think:
You needed to break this problem into two segments. From the first segment you were
able to determine the coefficient of friction. Then you could use the principle of work
and energy to determine the velocity of the package at any other location. Note that the
system does not lose any energy due to the spring; it returns all of its energy back to the
package. You would need to design something that could absorb the kinetic energy of the
package in order to bring it to rest.

Strategy:
• Apply principle of work and energy

to determine velocity at point 2.
• Apply Newton’s second law to find
normal force by the track at point 2.
• Apply principle of work and energy
A 2000 lb car starts from rest at to determine velocity at point 3.
point 1 and moves without friction
down the track shown. • Apply Newton’s second law to find
minimum radius of curvature at point 3
Determine:
such that a positive normal force is
a) the force exerted by the track exerted by the track.
on the car at point 2, and
b) the minimum safe value of the
radius of curvature at point 3.


• Apply principle of work and energy to determine
velocity at point 2.
1W 2
T1  0 T2  12 mv22  v2
2g
U1 2  W 40 ft 
1W 2
T1  U12  T2 : 0  W 40 ft   v2
2g

v22  240 ft g  240 ft  32.2 ft s 2  v2  50.8 ft s
• Apply Newton’s second law to find normal force by

the track at point 2.
   Fn  m an :
W v22 W 240 ft g
 W  N  m an  
g  2 g 20 ft
N  5W N  10000 lb

• Apply principle of work and energy to determine

velocity at point 3.
1W 2
T1  U13  T3 0  W 25 ft   v3
2g
v32  225 ft g  225 ft 32.2 ft s  v3  40.1ft s
• Apply Newton’s second law to find minimum radius of

curvature at point 3 such that a positive normal force is
exerted by the track.
   Fn  m an :
W  m an
W v32 W 225 ft g
 
g 3 g 3 3  50 ft

Reflect and Think

This is an example where you need both
Newton’s second law and the principle of
work and energy.
Work–energy is used to determine the
speed of the car, and Newton’s second law
is used to determine the normal force.
A normal force of 5W is equivalent to a
fighter pilot pulling 5g’s and should only
be experienced for a very short time.
For safety, you would also want to make
sure your radius of curvature was quite a
bit larger than 50 ft.

Strategy:
Force exerted by the motor cable has
same direction as the dumbwaiter
velocity. Power delivered by motor
is equal to FvD ,vD  8 ft / s
The dumbwaiter D and its load have a • In the first case, bodies are in
combined weight of 600 lb, while the uniform motion. Determine force
counterweight C weighs 800 lb. exerted by motor cable from
conditions for static equilibrium.
Determine the power delivered by the
electric motor M when the dumbwaiter • In the second case, both bodies are
(a) is moving up at a constant speed of accelerating. Apply Newton’s
8 ft/s and (b) has an instantaneous second law to each body to
velocity of 8 ft/s and an acceleration of determine the required motor cable
2.5 ft / s 2 , both directed upwards. force.


• In the first case, bodies are in uniform motion.
Determine force exerted by motor cable from
conditions for static equilibrium.
Free-body C:
   Fy  0 : 2T  800 lb  0 T  400 lb
Free-body D:
   Fy  0 : F  T  600 lb  0
F  600 lb  T  600 lb  400 lb  200 lb
Power  Fv D  200 lb8 ft s 

 1600 ft  lb s
1 hp
Power  1600 ft  lb s   2.91 hp
550 ft  lb s

• In the second case, both bodies are accelerating. Apply

Newton’s second law to each body to determine the
required motor cable force.
a D  2.5 ft s 2  aC   12 a D  1.25 ft s 2 
Free-body C:
800
   Fy  mC aC : 800  2T  1.25 T  384.5 lb
32.2
Free-body D:
   Fy  mD a D : F  T  600  600 2.5
32.2
F  384.5  600  46.6 F  262.1 lb
Power  Fv D  262.1 lb8 ft s   2097 ft  lb s
1 hp
Power  2097 ft  lb s   3.81 hp
550 ft  lb s

Reflect and Think

As you might expect, the motor needs to deliver more
power to produce accelerated motion than to produce
motion at constant velocity.

Group Problem Solving 1
Strategy:
The problem deals with a change in
position and different velocities, so use
work-energy.
• Draw FBD of the box to help us

determine the forces that do
Packages are thrown down an work.
incline at A with a velocity of 1 • Determine the work done between
m/s. The packages slide along points A and C as a function of d.
the surface ABC to a conveyor
belt which moves with a • Find the kinetic energy at points A
velocity of 2 m/s. Knowing that and C.
μk = 0.25 between the packages
and the surface ABC, determine • Use the work-energy relationship and
the distance d if the packages solve for d.
are to arrive at C with a
velocity of 2 m/s.

Given :VA  1m / s, VC  2 m / s, μ K  0.25
Find :Distance d
Will use : TA +U A B +U B C = TC
Draw the FBD of the Determine work done A → B

block at points A and C N AB  mg cos 30
FAB  k N AB  0.25 mg cos 30
U A B  mg d sin 30  FAB d
 mg d (sin 30   k cos 30)
Determine work done B → C
N BC  mg xBC  7 m
FBC  k mg
U B C   k mg xBC

Determine kinetic energy at A and at C

1 2 1 2
TA  mv A and v A  1 m/s TC  mvC and vC  2 m/s
2 2
Substitute values into TA  U A B  U B C  TC
1 2 1 2
mv A  mg d (sin 30  k cos 30)  k mg xBC  mv0
2 2
Divide by m and solve for d
vC2 /2 g  k xBC  v A2 /2 g 
d 
(sin 30  k cos 30) d  6.71 m
(2)2/(2)(9.81)  (0.25)(7)  (1) 2/(2)(9.81)

sin 30  0.25cos 30
Reflect and Think
μ K  0.25
If you wanted to bring the package to a complete stop at the

bottom of the ramp, would it work to place a spring as shown?
No, because the potential energy of the spring would turn into kinetic energy
and push the block back up the ramp
Would the package ever come to a stop?

Yes, eventually enough energy would be dissipated through the friction
between the package and ramp.
Potential Energy 1
The potential energy stored at the top of the ball’s path is transferred to
kinetic energy as the ball meets the ground. Why is the ball’s height
reducing?

Potential Energy 2
If the work of a force only depends on differences in

position, we can express this work as potential energy.
Can the work done by the following forces be expressed as
potential energy?
Weight Yes No
Friction Yes No
Normal force Yes No

Spring force Yes No

Potential Energy 3
If the work of a force only depends on differences in

position, we can express this work as potential energy.
Can the work done by the following forces be expressed as
potential energy?
Weight Yes No
Friction Yes No
Normal force Yes No

Spring force Yes No

Potential Energy 4

• Work of the force of gravity W
• Work is independent of path followed; depends

only on the initial and final values of Wy.
Vg  Wy
= potential energy of the body with respect
to force of gravity.
U12  V g   V g 
1 2
• Choice of datum from which the elevation

y is measured is arbitrary.
• Units of work and potential energy are the same:

V g  Wy  N  m  J

Potential Energy 5
• Previous expression for potential energy of a body

with respect to gravity is only valid when the
weight of the body can be assumed constant.
• For a space vehicle, the variation of the force of

gravity with distance from the center of the earth
should be considered.
• Work of a gravitational force,

GMm GMm
U12  
r2 r1
• Potential energy Vg when the variation in the

force of gravity can not be neglected,
GMm WR 2
Vg   
r r
Potential Energy 6
• Work of the force exerted by a spring depends

only on the initial and final deflections of the
spring,
U12  12 kx12  12 kx22
• The potential energy of the body with respect

to the elastic force,
Ve  12 kx 2
U12  Ve 1  Ve 2
• Note that the preceding expression for Ve is

valid only if the deflection of the spring is
measured from its undeformed position.

Conservative Forces
• Concept of potential energy can be applied if the
work of the force is independent of the path
followed by its point of application.
U12  V x1 , y1 , z1   V x2 , y 2 , z 2 
Such forces are described as conservative forces.
• For any conservative force applied on a closed path,

 
 F  dr  0
• Elementary work corresponding to displacement
between two neighboring points,
dU  V x, y, z   V x  dx, y  dy, z  dz 
  dV x, y, z 
 V V V 
Fx dx  Fy dy  Fz dz   dx  dy  dz 
 x y z 
  V V V 
F       gradV
 x y z 
Conservation of Energy
• Work of a conservative force,
U1 2  V1  V2
• Concept of work and energy,

U1 2  T2  T1
• Follows that
T1  V1  T2  V2
E  T  V  constant
T1  0 V1  W • When a particle moves under the action of

T1  V1  W conservative forces, the total mechanical
energy is constant.
1W • Friction forces are not conservative. Total
T2  12 mv22  2 g  W V2  0
2g mechanical energy of a system involving
T2  V2  W friction decreases.
• Mechanical energy is dissipated by friction
into thermal energy. Total energy is
constant.
Motion Under a Conservative Central
Force
• When a particle moves under a conservative
central force, both the principle of
conservation of angular momentum
r0 mv0 sin  0  rmv sin 
and the principle of conservation of energy
T0  V0  T  V
1 mv 2 GMm 1 2 GMm
2 0   2 mv 
r0 r
may be applied.
• Given r, the equations may be solved for v and  .

• At minimum and maximum r ,   90 . Given the
launch conditions, the equations may be solved
for rmin, rmax, vmin, and vmax.
Strategy:
• Apply the principle of conservation of

energy between positions 1 and 2.
• The elastic and gravitational potential

energies at 1 and 2 are evaluated from the
given information. The initial kinetic
A 20 lb collar slides without friction
energy is zero.
along a vertical rod as shown. The
spring attached to the collar has an • Solve for the kinetic energy and velocity
undeflected length of 4 in. and a at 2.
spring constant of 3 lb/in.
If the collar is released from rest at
position 1, determine its velocity
after it has moved 6 in. to position 2.


• Apply the principle of conservation of energy between
positions 1 and 2.
Position 1: Ve  12 kx12  12 3 lb in.8 in.  4 in.2  24 in.  lb
V1  Ve  Vg  24 in.  lb  0  2 ft  lb
T1  0
Position 2: Ve  12 kx22  12 3 lb in.10 in.  4 in.2  54 in.  lb

Vg  Wy  20 lb 6 in.  120 in.  lb
V2  Ve  Vg  54  120  66 in.  lb  5.5 ft  lb
1 20 2
T2  12 mv22  v2  0.311v22
2 32.2
Conservation of Energy:
T1  V1  T2  V2
0  2 ft  lb  0.311v22  5.5 ft  lb
v2  4.91ft s 

Reflect and Think

If you had not included the spring in your system,
you would have needed to treat it as an external
force; therefore, you would have needed to
determine the work.
Similarly, if there was friction acting on the collar,
you would have needed to use the more general
work–energy principle to solve this problem. It
turns out that the work done by friction is not very
easy to calculate because the normal force depends
on the spring force.

Strategy:
• Since there is friction along the

rough patch from A to B,
conservation of energy cannot be
used. Instead, apply the more
general work-energy principle.
The 0.5 lb pellet is pushed against the

• For the pellet to remain in contact
spring at A and released from rest. It
with the loop, the force N exerted on
moves along a 4 ft rough horizontal
the pellet by the loop must be equal
section, then into a smooth 2 ft-radius
to or greater than zero. Therefore,
vertical loop. On the rough surface, K you also need to use Newton’s
is 0.3, and the spring is initially second law.
compressed 0.25 ft. What is the
minimum spring constant k for which
the pellet remains in contact with the
loop?

• Setting the force exerted by the loop to zero, solve for the
minimum velocity at D.
   Fn  man : W  man 2
mg  m vD r
2
vD  rg  2 ft 32.2 ft s   64.4 ft 2 s 2
• Apply the work-energy principle between positions 1

and 2.
V1  Ve  Vg  12 kx 2  0  12 (k )(0.25 ft )2  0.03125k
T1  0
V2  Ve  Vg  0  Wy  0.5 lb4 ft   2 ft  lb
2
T2  12 mvD 
1 0.5 lb
2 32.2 ft s 2
64 . 4 ft 2 2

s  0.5 ft  lb

Because the normal force is equal to the

weight on a horizontal surface, you can find
the work done by the non-conservative
friction force, U NC1 2, to be:
U1NC
2    k Nd  0.3(0.5lb)(4 ft )  0.6 ft  lb
T1  V1  U1NC
 2  T2  V2
0  0.03125k  0.6 ft  lb  0.5 ft  lb  2 ft  lb
This can be solved for k to give:
k  99.2 lb/ft

Reflect and Think

A common misconception in problems
like this is assuming that the speed of
the particle is zero at the top of the loop,
rather than that the normal force is equal
to or greater than zero. If the pellet had
a speed of zero at the top, it would
clearly fall straight down, which is
impossible.

Strategy:
• For motion under a conservative
central force, the principles of
conservation of energy and
conservation of angular momentum
may be applied simultaneously.
A satellite is launched in a direction • Apply the principles to the points

parallel to the surface of the earth of minimum and maximum
with a velocity of 36900 km/h from altitude to determine the
an altitude of 500 km. maximum altitude.
Determine (a) the maximum • Apply the principles to the orbit

altitude reached by the satellite, and insertion point and the point of
(b) the maximum allowable error in minimum altitude to determine
the direction of launching if the maximum allowable orbit insertion
satellite is to come no closer than angle error.
200 km to the surface of the earth

• Apply the principles of conservation of energy and
conservation of angular momentum to the points of
minimum and maximum altitude to determine the
maximum altitude.
Conservation of energy:
1 mv 2 GMm 1 2 GMm
TA  V A  TA  VA 2 0   2 mv1 
r0 r1
Conservation of angular momentum:
r0
r0 mv0  r1mv1 v1  v0
r1
Combining,
 2
1 v 2 1  r0  GM  r0  r0 2GM
2 0 2
 1   1 
 r1  r0  r1  r1 r0v02
r0  6370 km  500 km  6870 km
v0  36900 km h  10.25 103 m s
GM  gR 2  9.81m s 2 6.37 106 m   398 1012 m3 s 2
2
r1  66.8  106 m
Max alt  r1-6.37  106  60.4 106

• Apply the principles to the orbit insertion point and the point
of minimum altitude to determine maximum allowable orbit
insertion angle error.
Conservation of energy:
1 mv 2 GMm 1 2 GMm
T0  V0  TA  VA 2 0   2 mvmax 
r0 rmin
Conservation of angular momentum:
r0
r0mv0 sin 0  rmin mvmax vmax  v0 sin 0
rmin
Combining and solving for sin 0 ,
sin 0  0.9801
 0  90  11 .5 allowable error  11 .5
Reflect and Think:

• Space probes and other long-distance vehicles are designed
with small rockets to allow for mid-course corrections.
Satellites launched from the Space Station usually do not
need this kind of fine-tuning.

Strategy:
• This is two part problem – you

will need to find the velocity
of the car using work-energy,
and then use Newton’s second
law to find the normal force.
A section of track for a roller coaster

• Draw a diagram with the car at
consists of two circular arcs AB and CD
points A and D, and define your
joined by a straight portion BC. The
datum. Use conservation of
radius of CD is 240 ft. The car and its
energy to solve for vD.
occupants, of total weight 560 lb, reach
Point A with practically no velocity and • Draw FBD and KD of the car at
then drop freely along the track. point D, and determine the
Determine the normal force exerted by normal force using Newton’s
the track on the car at point D. Neglect air second law.
resistance and rolling resistance.
Given : VA  0 ft / s,rCD  240 ft, W  560 lbs

Find :N D
Define your datum, sketch the

situation at points of interest
Use conservation of energy to find vD TA  VA  TD  VD
Find TA v A  0 TA  0
VA = WyA  560 90  60   84000 ft.lb

Find VA
Solve for vD
1 1  560  2
Find TD TD  mvD2  
2
2
 vD  8.6957vD
2  32.2  8.6957vD2  84000
vD  98.285 ft/s
Find VD yD  0 VD  0

Draw FBD and KD at point D
Use Newton’s second law in the normal direction

560  98.2852 
F n  man N D  560  
32.2  240


 vD2 
N D  W  m  
 R  N D  1260 lbs

Reflect and Think:
What happens to the normal

force at D if….
…we include friction?
a) ND gets larger
b) ND gets smaller
c) ND stays the same
…we move point A higher? …the radius is smaller?
a) ND gets larger a) ND gets larger
b) ND gets smaller b) ND gets smaller
c) ND stays the same c) ND stays the same
Reflect and Think:
What happens to the normal

force at D if….
…we include friction?
a) ND gets larger
b) ND gets smaller
c) ND stays the same
…we move point A higher? …the radius is smaller?
a) ND gets larger a) ND gets larger
b) ND gets smaller b) ND gets smaller
c) ND stays the same c) ND stays the same
Impulsive Motion 1
The thrust of a rocket acts The impulse applied to the railcar by

over a specific time period the wall brings its momentum to zero.
to give the rocket linear Crash tests are often performed to
momentum. help improve safety in different
vehicles.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. © Sandia National Laboratories/Getty Images RF

Principle of Impulse and Momentum
• From Newton’s second law,
 d  
F  mv  mv  linear momentum
dt
 
Fdt  d mv 
t2  
• Dimensions of the impulse of  Fdt  mv 2  mv 1
a force are t1
t2 
force* time
 Fdt  Imp12  impulse of the force F
t1
• Units for the impulse of a  
mv1  Imp12  mv2
force are
 
N  s  kg  m s 2  s  kg  m s • The final momentum of the particle can be
obtained by adding vectorially its initial
momentum and the impulse of the force
during the time interval.

Impulsive Motion 2
• Force acting on a particle during a very

short time interval that is large enough to
cause a significant change in momentum
is called an impulsive force.
• When impulsive forces act on a particle,
  
mv1   F t  mv2
• When a baseball is struck by a bat,

contact occurs over a short time interval
but force is large enough to change sense
of ball motion.
• Nonimpulsive forces are forces for which

Ft is small and therefore, may be
neglected – an example of this is the weight
of the baseball.

Strategy:
• Apply the principle of impulse and

momentum. The impulse is equal to
the product of the constant forces and
the time interval.
An automobile weighing 4000 lb is

driven down a 5 incline at a speed of
60 mi/h when the brakes are applied,
causing a constant total braking force of
1500 lb.
Determine the time required for the

automobile to come to a stop.


momentum.
 
mv1   Imp12  mv2
Taking components parallel to the

incline,
mv1  W sin 5t  Ft  0
 4000 
 88 ft s   4000sin 5t  1500t  0
 32. 2 
t  9.49 s
Reflect and Think
• You could use Newton’s second law to solve this problem. First,
you would determine the car’s deceleration, separate variables,
and then integrate a = dv/dt to relate the velocity, deceleration,
and time. You could not use conservation of energy to solve this
problem, because this principle does not involve time.
Strategy:

momentum in terms of horizontal and
vertical component equations.
A 4 oz baseball is pitched with a

velocity of 80 ft/s. After the ball is
hit by the bat, it has a velocity of
120 ft/s in the direction shown. If
the bat and ball are in contact for
0.015 s, determine the average
impulsive force exerted on the ball
during the impact.

• Apply the principle of impulse and momentum in
terms of horizontal and vertical component
equations.
 
mv1  Imp1 2  mv2
x component equation:
 mv1  Fx t  mv2 cos 40
4 16
 80  Fx 0.15  4 16 120 cos 40
32.2 32.2
Fx  89 lb
y component equation:
0  Fy t  mv2 sin 40
4 16
Fy 0.15  120 cos 40
32.2
Fy  39.9 lb
  
F  89 lbi  39.9 lb j , F  97.5 lb

Reflect and Think:

In this problem, we neglected the impulse
due to the weight. This would have had
magnitude of  4 16 lb 0.015 s   0.00288 l b *s.
This indeed is much smaller than the
impulse exerted on the ball by the bat,
which is 97.4 lb  0.015 s   1.463 lb *s.

Strategy:

momentum to the package-cart system
to determine the final velocity.
• Apply the same principle to the

package alone to determine the impulse
exerted on it from the change in its
momentum.
A 10 kg package drops from a chute

into a 24 kg cart with a velocity of 3
m/s. Knowing that the cart is initially
at rest and can roll freely, determine (a)
the final velocity of the cart, (b) the
impulse exerted by the cart on the
package, and (c) the fraction of the
initial energy lost in the impact.
Modeling and Analysis

• Apply the principle of impulse and momentum to the package-cart system to
determine the final velocity.
 

m p v1   Imp1 2  m p  mc v2 
x components:  
m p v1 cos 30  0  m p  mc v2
10 kg 3 m/scos 30  10 kg  25 kg v2
v2  0.742 m/s

• Apply the same principle to the package alone to determine the impulse
exerted on it from the change in its momentum.
 
m p v1   Imp1 2  m p v2
x components: m p v1 cos 30  Fx t  m p v2

10 kg 3 m/scos 30  Fx t  10 kg v2 Fx t  18.56 N  s
y components:  m p v1 sin 30  Fy t  0

 10 kg 3 m/ssin 30  Fy t  0 Fy t  15 N  s
  
 Imp12  Ft   18.56 N  s i  15 N  s  j Ft  23.9 N  s

To determine the fraction of energy lost,

10 kg 3m s   45 J
2
T1  12 m p v12  1
2
T2  12  m p  mc  v22  12 10 kg  25 kg  0.742 m s   9.63 J

2
T1  T2 45 J  9.63 J
  0.786
T1 45 J
Reflect and Think:

Except in the purely theoretical case of a “perfectly elastic” collision, mechanical
energy is never conserved in a collision between two objects, even though linear
momentum may be conserved. Note that, in this problem, momentum was conserved in
the x direction but was not conserved in the y direction because of the vertical impulse
on the wheels of the cart. Whenever you deal with an impact, you need to use impulse-
momentum methods.
Strategy:
• Draw impulse and momentum

diagrams of the jumper.

momentum to the jumper to determine
the force exerted on the foot.
The jumper approaches the takeoff
line from the left with a horizontal
velocity of 10 m/s, remains in contact
with the ground for 0.18 s, and takes
off at a 50 angle with a velocity of 12
m/s. Determine the average impulsive
force exerted by the ground on his
foot. Give your answer in terms of the
weight W of the athlete.
Given : v1  10 m / s, v 2  12 m / s at 50 ,
Find : Favg in terms of W
Draw impulse and momentum diagrams of the jumper
Use the impulse momentum equation in y to find Favg
mv1  (P  W)t  mv 2 t  0.18 s

mv1  (Favg  W)t  mv 2 t  0.18 s
Use the impulse momentum equation in x and y to find Favg

W W W
(10)  ( Favg  x )(0.18)  (12)(cos 50) 0  ( Favg  y  W )(0.18)  (12)(sin 50)
g g g
10  (12)(cos 50) (12)(sin 50)
Favg  x  W Favg  y W  W
(9.81)(0.18) (9.81)(0.18)
Reflect and Think:

Favg  1.295W i  6.21W j
Favg-x is positive, which means we
guessed correctly (acts to the left)
Concept Quiz 1
Car A and B crash into

one another. Looking
only at the impact, which
of the following
statements are true?
The total mechanical energy is the
same before and after the impact True False
If car A weighs twice as much as car B,

the force A exerts on car B is bigger True False
than the force B exerts on car A.
The total linear momentum is the same

immediately before and after the impact True False

Concept Quiz 2
Car A and B crash into

one another. Looking
only at the impact, which
of the following
statements are true?
The total mechanical energy is the
same before and after the impact True False
If car A weighs twice as much as car B,

the force A exerts on car B is bigger True False
than the force B exerts on car A.
The total linear momentum is the same

immediately before and after the impact True False

Impact 1
The coefficient of restitution is used to characterize the

“bounciness” of different sports equipment. The U.S. Golf
Association limits the COR of golf balls at 0.83
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. © Ted Kinsman/Science Source

Impact 2
• Impact: Collision between two bodies which

occurs during a small time interval and during
which the bodies exert large forces on each other.
• Line of Impact: Common normal to the surfaces in

contact during impact.
• Central Impact: Impact for which the mass
Direct Central Impact centers of the two bodies lie on the line of impact;
otherwise, it is an eccentric impact..
• Central Impact: Impact for which the mass centers
of the two bodies lie on the line of impact;
otherwise, it is an eccentric impact..
• Oblique Impact: Impact for which one or both of

the bodies move along a line other than the line of
impact.
Oblique Central Impact
Direct Central Impact 1
• Bodies moving in the same straight line,

VA  VB
• Upon impact the bodies undergo a
period of deformation, at the end of
which, they are in contact and moving at
a common velocity.
• A period of restitution follows during
which the bodies either regain their
original shape or remain permanently
deformed.
• Wish to determine the final velocities of
the two bodies. The total momentum of
the two body system is preserved,
m A v A  mB v B  m B vB  m B v B
• A second relation between the final

velocities is required.
Direct Central Impact 2
e  coefficient of restitution
• Period of deformation: m A v A   Pdt  m Au Rdt u  vA
 
 Pdt v A  u
0  e 1
• Period of restitution: m Au   Rdt  m A vA
vB  u
• A similar analysis of particle B yields e
u  vB
• Combining the relations leads to the desired vB  vA  ev A  v B 

second relation between the final velocities.
• Perfectly plastic impact, e = 0: vB  vA  v  m A v A  m B v B  m A  m B v 
• Perfectly elastic impact, e = 1: vB  v A  v A  v B

Total energy and total momentum conserved.
Oblique Central Impact 1
• Final velocities are

unknown in magnitude
and direction. Four
equations are required.
• No tangential impulse component; v A t  vA t v B t  vB t

tangential component of momentum
for each particle is conserved.
• Normal component of total m A v A n  m B v B n  m A vA n  m B vB n

momentum of the two particles is
conserved.
• Normal components of relative vB n  vA n  ev A n  v B n 
velocities before and after impact
are related by the coefficient of
restitution.
• Block constrained to move along horizontal

surface.
 
• Impulses from internal forces F and  F

along the n axis and from external Fext
force
exerted by horizontal surface and directed
along the vertical to the surface.
• Final velocity of ball unknown in direction

and magnitude and unknown final block
velocity magnitude. Three equations
required.

• Tangential momentum of ball is v B t  vB t

conserved.
• Total horizontal momentum of block m A v A   m B v B x  m A v A   mB vB x

and ball is conserved.
• Normal component of relative vB n  vA n  ev A n  v B n 

velocities of block and ball are
related by coefficient of
restitution.
• Note: Validity of last expression does not follow from previous relation for
the coefficient of restitution. A similar but separate derivation is required.
Problems Involving Multiple Principles
Three methods for the analysis of kinetics problems:
• Direct application of Newton’s second law.
• Method of work and energy.
• Method of impulse and momentum.
Select the method best suited for the problem or part of a problem under
consideration.

Strategy:
• Resolve ball velocity into components
normal and tangential to wall.
• Impulse exerted by the wall is
normal to the wall. Component of
ball momentum tangential to wall is
conserved.
A ball is thrown against a frictionless, • Assume that the wall has infinite mass
vertical wall. Immediately before the so that wall velocity before and after
ball strikes the wall, its velocity has a impact is zero. Apply coefficient of
magnitude v and forms angle of 30° restitution relation to find change in
with the horizontal. Knowing that normal relative velocity between wall
e = 0.90, determine the magnitude and and ball, i.e., the normal ball velocity.
direction of the velocity of the ball as
it rebounds from the wall.


• Resolve ball velocity into components parallel and
perpendicular to wall.
vn  v cos 30  0.866v vt  v sin 30  0.500v
• Component of ball momentum tangential to wall is

conserved.
vt  vt  0.500v
• Apply coefficient of restitution relation with zero

wall velocity.
0  vn  evn  0 
vn  0.90.866v   0.779v
  

v  0.779v n  0.500v t
 0.779 
v  0.926v tan 1   32.7
 0.500 

Reflect and Think:

Tests similar to this are done to make sure
that sporting equipment––such as tennis
balls, golf balls, and basketballs––are
consistent and fall within certain
specifications. Testing modern golf balls
and clubs shows that the coefficient of
restitution actually decreases with
increasing club speed (from about 0.84 at a
speed of 90 mph to about 0.80 at club
speeds of 130 mph).

Strategy:
• Resolve the ball velocities into
components normal and tangential to
the contact plane.
• Tangential component of momentum
for each ball is conserved.
The magnitude and direction of the • Total normal component of the
velocities of two identical momentum of the two ball system is
frictionless balls before they strike conserved.
each other are as shown. Assuming
e = 0.9, determine the magnitude • The normal relative velocities of the
and direction of the velocity of each balls are related by the coefficient of
ball after the impact. restitution.
• Solve the last two equations
simultaneously for the normal
velocities of the balls after the impact.

• Resolve the ball velocities into components normal and
tangential to the contact plane.
v A n  v A cos 30  26.0 ft s v A t  v A sin 30  15.0 ft s
vB n  vB cos 60  20.0 ft s vB t  vB sin 60  34.6 ft s
• Tangential component of momentum for each ball is

conserved.
vA t  v A t  15.0 ft s vB t  vB t  34.6 ft s
• Total normal component of the momentum of the two

ball system is conserved.
m A v A n  mB vB n  m A vA n  mB vB n
m26.0   m 20.0   mvA n  mvB n
vA n  vB n  6.0

• The normal relative velocities of the balls are related by

the coefficient of restitution.
vA n  vB n  ev A n  vB n 

 0.9026.0   20.0   41.4
• Solve the last two equations simultaneously for the

normal velocities of the balls after the impact.
vA n  17.7 ft s vB n  23.7 ft s
  
v A  17.7n  15.0t
 15.0 
vA  23.2 ft s tan 1    40.3
 17.7 
  
vB  23.7n  34.6t
 34.6 
vB  41.9 ft s tan 1    55.6
 23.7 

Reflect and Think:
• Rather than choosing your system to be

both balls, you could have applied
impulse-momentum along the line of
impact for each ball individually.
• This would have resulted in two

equations and one additional unknown,
FΔt. To determine the impulsive force F,
you would need to be given the time for
the impact, Δt.

Strategy:
• Determine orientation of impact line

of action.
• The momentum component of ball A
tangential to the contact plane is
conserved.
• The total horizontal momentum of
the two ball system is conserved.
Ball B is hanging from an inextensible
cord. An identical ball A is released • The relative velocities along the line of
from rest when it is just touching the action before and after the impact are
cord and acquires a velocity v0 before related by the coefficient of restitution.
striking ball B. Assuming perfectly • Solve the last two expressions for the
elastic impact (e = 1) and no friction, velocity of ball A along the line of
determine the velocity of each ball action and the velocity of ball B which
immediately after impact. is horizontal.

• Determine orientation of impact line of action.
• The momentum component of ball A

tangential to the contact plane is
conserved.
  
mv A  Ft  mv A
mv0 sin 30  0  mvA t
vA t  0.5v0
• The total horizontal (x component)

momentum of the two ball system is
conserved.
   
mv A  Tt  mv A  mvB
0  mvA t cos 30  mvA n sin 30  mvB
0  0.5v0 cos 30  vA n sin 30  vB
0.5vA n  vB  0.433v0
• The relative velocities along the line of action before

and after the impact are related by the coefficient of
restitution.
vB n  vA n  ev A n  vB n 
vB sin 30  vA n  v0 cos 30  0
0.5vB  vA n  0.866v0
• Solve the last two expressions for the velocity of

ball A along the line of action and the velocity of
ball B which is horizontal.
vA n  0.520v0 vB  0.693v0
  
v A  0.5v0t  0.520v0n
0.52 
vA  0.721v0   tan 1   46.1
 0 .5 
  46.1  30  16.1
vB  0.693v0 

Reflect and Think
Since e = 1, the impact between A and B is

perfectly elastic. Therefore, rather than
using the coefficient of restitution, you
could have used the conservation of energy
as your final equation.

Strategy:
• Apply the principle of conservation

of energy to determine the velocity
of the block at the instant of impact.
• Since the impact is perfectly plastic,

the block and pan move together at
the same velocity after impact.
A 30 kg block is dropped from a Determine that velocity from the
height of 2 m onto the 10 kg pan of a requirement that the total momentum
spring scale. Assuming the impact to of the block and pan is conserved.
be perfectly plastic, determine the
maximum deflection of the pan. The • Apply the principle of conservation of
constant of the spring is k = 20 kN/m. energy to determine the maximum
deflection of the spring.


• Apply principle of conservation of energy to
determine velocity of the block at instant of impact.
T1  0 V1  WA y  309.812   588 J
T2  12 m A v A 22  12 30v A 22 V2  0
T1  V1  T2  V2
0  588 J  12 30 v A 22  0 v A 2  6.26 m s
• Determine velocity after impact from requirement that

total momentum of the block and pan is conserved.
m A v A 2  mB vB 2  m A  mB v3
306.26  0  30  10v3 v3  4.70 m s

• Apply the principle of conservation of energy to

determine the maximum deflection of the spring.
T3  12 m A  mB v32  12 30  104.7 2  442 J

V3  Vg  Ve
 
 0  12 kx32  12 20  103 4.91  103 2  0.241 J
T4  0
Initial spring deflection due to V4  Vg  Ve  WA  WB  h   12 kx42
pan weight:
 
 392x4  x3   12 20  103 x42
x3 
WB 10 9.81
  4.91  103 m  392x4  4.91  103  12 20  103 x42
k 3
20  10
T3  V3  T4  V4
  
442  0.241  0  392 x4  4.91  103  12 20  103 x42 
x4  0.230 m
h  x4  x3  0.230 m  4.91  103 m h  0.225 m

Reflect and Think:
The spring constant for this scale is pretty

large, but the block is fairly massive and is
dropped from a height of 2 m. From this
perspective, the deflection seems reasonable.
We included the spring in the system so we

could treat it as an energy term rather than
finding the work of the spring force.

Strategy:
• This is a multiple step problem.
Formulate your overall approach.
• Use work-energy to find the velocity

A 2-kg block A is pushed up against a
spring compressing it a distance x= 0.1 m. of the block just before impact.
The block is then released from rest and • Use conservation of momentum to
slides down the 20º incline until it strikes a determine the speed of ball B after
1-kg sphere B, which is suspended from a the impact.
1 m inextensible rope. The spring constant
• Use work energy to find the
is k=800 N/m, the coefficient of friction
velocity at α.
between A and the ground is 0.2, the
distance A slides from the unstretched • Use Newton’s 2nd Law to
length of the spring d = 1.5 m, and the find tension in the rope.
coefficient of restitution between A and B
is 0.8. When α = 40o, find (a) the speed of
B (b) the tension in the rope.

Given :m A  2  kg m B  1  kg,
k  800 N / m, μ A  0.2, e  0.8
Find  a  VB  b  Trope
• Use work-energy to find the velocity of
the block just before impact
Determine the friction force acting on the block A
Solve for N
N  mA g cos 
Sum forces in the y-direction  (2)(9.81) cos 20
 18.4368 N
 Fy  0:
F f  k N  (0.2)(18.4368)
N  mA g cos   0  3.6874 N

Set your datum, use work-energy to determine vA at impact.
T1  (V1 )e  (V1 ) g  U12  T2  (V2 )e  (V2 ) g
Determine values for each term.

1 2 1
T1  0, (V1 )e  k x1  (800)(0.1) 2  4.00 J
2 2
(V1 ) g  mA gh1  m A g ( x  d )sin   (2)(9.81)(1.6)sin 20  10.7367 J
U1 2   F f ( x  d )  (3.6874)(1.6)  5.8998 J
1 1
T2  m A v A2  (1) (v A2 )  1.000 v A2 V2  0
2 2
Substitute into the Work-Energy equation and solve for vA

T1  V1  U12  T2  V2 : 0  4.00  10.7367  5.8998  1.000 v A2  0
v A2  8.8369 m 2 /s 2 v A  2.9727 m/s

• Use conservation of momentum to determine

the speed of ball B after the impact
• Draw the impulse diagram
Note that the ball is constrained to move only

horizontally immediately after the impact.
Apply conservation of
momentum in the x Use the relative velocity/coefficient
direction
m v cos   0  m v cos  m of restitution equation
A A A A B vB
(vB ) n  (vA ) n  e [(vB ) n  (v A )n ]
(2)(2.9727) cos 20  2vA cos 20  (1.00)vB (1)
vB cos   vA  e [v A  0]
vB cos 20  vA  (0.8)(2.9727) (2)
Solve (1) and (2) simultaneously
vA  1.0382 m/s vB  3.6356 m/s

• Use work energy to find the velocity at α
Set datum, use Work-Energy to determine vB at α=40°

T1  (V1 )e  (V1 ) g  U12  T2  (V2 )e  (V2 ) g
Determine values for each term.

1
T1  mB (vB ) 2 V1  0
2
1
T2  mB v22 V2  mB gh2  mB gl (1  cos  )
2
Substitute into the Work-Energy equation and solve for vA

1 1
T1  V1  T2  V2 : mB (vB ) 2  0  mB v22  mB g (1  cos  )
2 2
v22  (vB )2  2 gl (1  cos  )
 (3.6356)2  (2)(9.81)(1  cos 40)
 8.6274 m 2 /s 2
v2  2.94 m/s

• Use Newton’s 2nd Law to find tension in the rope
• Draw your free-body

and kinetic diagrams
• Sum forces in the normal direction • Determine normal acceleration

 Fn  mB an :   1.00 m
v22 8.6274
T  mB g cos   mB an an    8.6274 m/s 2
 1.00
T  mB (an  g cos  )
• Substitute and solve

T  (1.0) (8.6274  9.81cos 40) T  16.14 N

Concept Question 1
Compare the following statement to the problem you just solved.

If the coefficient of restitution is
smaller than the 0.8 in the
problem, the tension T will be…
Smaller Bigger
If the rope length is smaller than

the 1 m in the problem, the tension
If the mass of A is smaller
T will be…
than the 2 kg given in the
Smaller Bigger problem, the tension T will
If the coefficient of friction is be…
Smaller Bigger
smaller than 0.2 given in the
Smaller Bigger
Concept Question 2
Compare the following statement to the problem you just solved.

If the coefficient of restitution is
smaller than the 0.8 in the
Smaller Bigger
If the rope length is smaller than

the 1 m in the problem, the tension
If the mass of A is smaller
T will be…
than the 2 kg given in the
Smaller Bigger problem, the tension T will
If the coefficient of friction is be…
Smaller Bigger
smaller than 0.2 given in the
Smaller Bigger
Summary
Approaches to Kinetics Problems
   t2  
 F  maG T1  U12  T2 mv1   F dt  mv2
t1

End of Chapter 13

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Vector Mechanics For Engineers:

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. © Dynamic Graphics/Superstock RF, © Sandia National

• Previously, problems dealing with the motion of particles

• Method of work and energy: directly relates force, mass,

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

Approaches to Kinetics Problems

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. © Tony Hertz/ Alamy

• Work of the force is

sign but not direction.

• Dimensions of work are length×force. Units

1 J  joule  1 N 1 m  1ft  lb  1.356 J

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

• Work of a force during a finite displacement,

• Work is represented by the area under the

• Ft is the force in the direction of the

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

What is the work of a constant force in

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

What is the work of a constant force in

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

• Work of the force of gravity,

• Work of the weight is equal to product of

a) Moving from y1 to y2 b) Moving from y2 to y1 c) Never

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

• Work of the force of gravity,

• Work of the weight is equal to product of

a) Moving from y1 to y2 Answer: b) Moving from y2 to y1 c) Never

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

• Magnitude of the force exerted by a spring is

• Work of the force exerted by spring is positive

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

As the block moves from A2 to Ao, is the

Positive Answer: Negative

As the block moves from A2 to Ao, is the

Work of a gravitational force (assume particle M

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

Does the normal force do work as the

Does the weight do work as

Does the normal force do work as the

Does the weight do work as

Forces which do not do work  ds  0 or cos   0 

• Weight of a body when its center of gravity

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

U12  T2  T1 T  12 mv 2  kinetic energy

• Units of work and kinetic energy are the same:

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

• Principle of work and energy cannot be

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

• Evaluate the change in kinetic energy.

• Determine the distance required for the

An automobile weighing 4000 lb is

Determine the distance traveled by the

Modeling and Analysis:

• Evaluate the change in kinetic energy.

• Determine the distance required for the work

Reflect and Think

• Solving this problem using Newton’s

• Using the principle of work and