RIGGER TRAINING

SLINGS SAFETY
The Users Responsibilities
The Users Responsibilities

Crane
Operator
Rigger
 The Users Responsibilities

Utilize Appropriate Rigging Gear Suitable

For Overhead Lifting.
Utilize The Rigging Gear Within Industry
Standards And The Manufacturers
Recommendations.
Conduct Regular Inspection And
Maintenance Of The Rigging Gear.
 Definition of Rigging
Rigging is part of the lifting operation which forms the link
between the Lifting device and the load.
 Lifting Equipments
Any Devices Which is used for Lift the load,
Which human can’t.
• Hydra’s
• CRANES: limit switches
• Fork lifts
• Magnetic lift crane
• Mobile cranes: wheel ,crawler
• EOT
• Gantry
• Chain pully:spur gear,worm wheel
• Winch machine

All the lifting equipments must be certified by third party

annually.
 Lifting Gear
The Connector used to link between the lifting device
and the load.
• Slings
• Ropes
• Shackles
• Swivel
• Rings
• Couplers
• Sockets, Eyebolts.
• Frames & spreaders
• Plate lifting clamps
• Tailor-made tackles.

These must be inspected every six months by THIRD

Party.
Rigging Types
Hardware

ROPE CLIP

MSSC Training Section 9

9
Wire Chain
Rope

Metal Mesh

Synthetic Web Sling

Synthetic Round

Synthetic Rope
Basic Rigging Hitches

Straight Choke

Basket
 Types of Hitches

Straight – loading with the load suspended vertically on

a single part or leg of the sling
 Rigging Basics - Hitches

Characteristics:
• Load capacity is 100 % that of a single
part
• Taglines should be used if the load tends
to rotate as rotation can damage the sling.
• Use on items with lifting eye bolts or
shackles or when a second sling is used
in a spreader bar application
• Do NOT use when lifting loose or lengthy
material, anything difficult to balance

15
 Types of Hitches

Choke – loading with the sling passed through one eye and
suspended by the other
Choke

Angle of Choke Rated Capacity

in Degrees Percent
Over 120 100
90-120 87
60-89 74
30-59 62
0-29 49
 Rigging Basics - Hitches
Characteristics:
• Choker hitch is easy to attach &
forms a noose
that tightens as the load is lifted
• Rated capacity is 75% of the single
part*.
• Use to turn a load (if possible use a
double
choker hitch) or when handling
bundles of bars or
pipes
• Do NOT use on loads difficult to
balance or which may slip out the
choke 18
* based on wire rope and chain slings, 120 degree angle of choke
 Types of Hitches

Basket - loading with the sling passed under the load and
both ends on the hook or a single master link.
 Rigging Basics - Hitches
Characteristics:
• Effectively doubles the capacity of a
single vertical sling
• Stress on each leg tends to be
equalized
• Use on straight lifts when the load is
shaped so that the sling (or slings) will
not slide over the surface.
• Do NOT use on loads that are difficult
to balance and could tilt or slip out of
the sling(s).
• When terminating to a common point
(like a hook), sling angle can reduce
sling capacity. 20
 Basket

Capacity % of
1''
Angle Single Leg
90º 200%
60º 170% 20''

45º 140%
30º 100%
 Rigging Rating Based on Breaking Strength
How Components Fail
Wear Crushing

Bent Fastening
Fitting
Stripped
threads Broken wires
Kinking
Wear
Capacity
marking Bent

Cut plys
Wear
Bent
Melted
Pitch
{
Full thread
Torn stitching

Latch
Hook
 Rigging Equipment Slings
Types of slings include alloy steel chain, wire rope,
metal mesh, natural or synthetic fiber rope, and
synthetic web.

Chain Wire rope Metal mesh Synthetic

 Hook Inspection
Hooks must be removed from service when any of the following
conditions exist:

• Cracks, nicks or gouges.

• Twist exceeding 10° from plane of unbent hook.
• Latch engagement, damage or malfunction.
• Throat opening exceeding 15%.
• Wear exceeding 10% of original dimension.
• Damage from heat.
• Unauthorized repairs.
MSSC Training Section
 la t ch
a f e ty
S

MSSC Training Section 25

MSSC Training Section 26
MSSC Training Section 28
DEE TYPE SHACKLE
(With screw pin)

BOW TYPE SAFETY SHACKLE

(With round bolt & safety pin)
 LOAD
LINE CROWN
CHECK FOR WEAR

BODY

OWNERSHIP
IDENTITY

BEARING
CHECK FOR WEAR
AND STRAIGHTNESS SURFACE

PIN

THREADED
CHECK THAT PIN PAN
IS ALWAYS SEATED
AND IS ‘MATCHED’ TO CHECK THAT SHACKLE
BODY JAW HAS NOT ‘OPENED-UP’
CLEARANCE PIN OPENING
(GAPE)
 SHACKLES
PRE - USE INSPECTION

• Select correct type shackle for the job in hand.

• Ensure the shackle is correctly colour coded.
• Check the safe working load of the shackle
before use - no SWL - quarantine .
• Check shackle pin for excessive wear-if wear
is 1/10th or more of original diameter quarantine.
• Make sure the pin is free-but not loose in the tapped
hole(s) of the shackle.
• Threads on pin and shackle should be undamaged
and without appreciable wear.
 SHACKLES
PRE - USE INSPECTION
(CONT`D)
• Check alignment of pin holes - the untapped hole
should not be worn or oversized.
• Only properly fitted pins shall be used in shackles.
• Home made or modified shackles must never be
used.
• Check jaws and pin of shackle for distortion.
Check body of shackle for pitting,cracks or
corrosion.
• To test shackle suspend and tap lightly with a hammer
or the shackle pin - ”SOUND” shackles should have a
“clear” ring or “ping”
 SHACKLE INSPECTION

The working load limit (WLL) must be printed on the

shackle or it must be taken out of service. This WLL
is for vertical lifts.

Only two types of shackles are to be used in rigging for

lifts. The screw pin type and the bolt type shackle.

Shackles that are deformed or damaged must

be removed from service
Diameter of material in Size of mark
shackle body
(inch ) (inch)

Up to and including ½ 1/8

Over 1/2, up to and including 1 3/16

Over 1 1/4

MSSC Training Section

 SELF INSPECTION
Lifting gear---shackles
• All shackles shall be subjected to a semi-annually inspection by a authorized
third party.

• Lifeboat shackles shall be subjected to an annual load test inspection.

• Minimum information marked (stamp) shall include: “SWL”, SH No,

• Shackles shall be inspected prior to use and shall be immediately removed

from service if any of the following condition is present:
---broken
---distortion
---twisting
---excessive wear
---the pin shall be easy to screw in and out
---corrosion

MSSC Training Section

Unsuitable Alloy Steel Chain
Attachments

Right Wrong

Job or shop hooks and links, or makeshift

fasteners, formed from bolts, rods, etc., or
other such attachments, can’t be used
MSSC Training Section
• ALWAYS ensure that the load is clear before the lift.

Wrong Correct
Hardware Application

MSSC Training Section 41

41
Shackle Application

MSSC Training Section 42

42
 Hardware

90°
120°
Shackle Application

RB 100
MSSC Training Section 45
45
ON RIGHT: Angle loads must be applied in the plane of the bow.

Never Exceed 120 included angle.

Use Bolt Type and Screw Pin Shackles ONLY.

Shackles symmetrically loaded with two leg slings having a maximum included
angle of 120 can be utilized to full Working Load Limit.

 
 Side Loading Reduction Chart
 For Screw Pin and Bolt Type Shackles Only  

 Angle of Side Load  Adjusted Working Load Limit

 from Vertical In-Line of shackle

 0¡ In-Line *  100% of Rated Working Load Limit

 45¡ from In-Line *  70% of Rated Working Load Limit

 90¡ from In-Line *  50% of Rated Working Load Limit

Wire eye bolts (also referred to as bent or turned eye
bolts) are used for light duty applications, and should not
be used for angular loads.
Note: Each wire eye is supplied with one nut.

Drop forged eye bolts. Forged eye bolts are significantly

stronger than wire eyes and are available in larger sizes.
These bolts should not be used for angular loads.
Note: Each eye is supplied with one nut.
Drop forged machinery eye bolts. Machinery eyes are
fully threaded. Machinery eye bolts without a
shoulder should not be used for angular loads.

Drop forged eye bolts with a shoulder. Forged eye bolts are
significantly stronger than wire eyes and are available in larger
sizes. These bolts should not be used for angular loads
Note: Each eye is supplied with one nut.

Drop forged machinery eye bolts with shoulder.

Machinery shoulder eyes are fully threaded. These are
the only eye bolts rated for an angular load.
90° 90°- 45° 90°
Wire eye lags (also referred to as screw thread
eye bolts, eye screws, or turned/bent eye lags)
have a wood screw thread for use in wood or lag
anchors.

Like wire eye bolts, wire eye lags are intended

for light duty applications and should not be
used for angular loads.
 Rigging Types
Eye Bolts

Non-shouldered eye
bolts are only designed
for vertical loads.

Angular loading
must be in the
plane of the eye
Eye Bolt Application
1. Do not use eye bolts that have worn threads or other

flaws.
2. Do not insert the point of a hook in an eye bolt. Use

a shackle.
• Always use Shouldered Eye Bolts for angular lifts.
• For angular lifts, reduce working load according to
chart.
• Never exceed load limits.
• Always screw eye bolt down completely for proper
seating.
• Always tighten nuts securely against the load.
• Always stand clear of load when lifting.
• Always lift load with steady, even pull do not jerk.
• Do not reeve slings from one eye bolt to another.
• Never machine, grind or cut the eye bolt.
turnbuckle
SWL OF TURNBUCKLES/
RIGGING SCREWS

BS 4429
DIA (mm) SWL U.S. FED. SPEC
10 300KG
12 500KG DIA (ins) WLL
16 750KG 3/8 545KG
20 1.25t 1/2 1.00t
22 2.0t 5/8 1.59t
27 3.0t 3/4 2.36t
30 4.0t
7/8 3.27t
33 5.0t
1 4.55t
39 6.0t
42 7.5t 1 1/4 6.90t
48 10.0t 1 1/2 9.73t
56 15.0t 1 3/4 12.13t
64 20.0t 2 16.82t
72 25.0t 2 1/2 27.27t
76 30.0t 2 3/4 34.09t
85 40.0t
100 50.0t
 Plate Clamps
Horizontal clamps
• Uses
•Hazards
• Incorrect clamp for
task
• Overloads
• Personal Injury
• Faulty Equipment
• Load(s) Falling

Only for lifting plate

horizontally
 Plate Clamps
Vertical clamp
• Uses
•Hazards
• Incorrect clamp for
task.
• Overloads
• Faulty Equipment
• Loads Falling
• Personal Injury
 Handling Steel Plate
Steel plate can be lifted with:
Plate clamps that are designed to increase the
pressure on the plate as the plate is lifted.
Hooks or shackles where there are lifting holes in
the plate.
Do not use home made type plate clamps or plate
dogs.
Use a spreader beam if the angle between the
legs of a sling is likely to be more than 60’
Steel plate can be lifted vertically or horizontally.
 Inspection of Alligator
Clamps
1) Wear pads.
2) Jaw locking mechanism
whether spring action, or
pull chain must be
functional.
3) Pins on the alligator.
4) Attachment ring.
5) Quick-alloys.

Remove alligators from

service if the teeth are
worn even with wear
indicator teeth!
 Girder Clamp / Beam Clamp
• Uses
•Hazards
• Side loading
• Not secured correctly
• Damaged Equipment
• Exceeding S.W.L
• Anchorage incapable
of withstanding load
• Loads Falling
• Personal Injury
 Lever Hoist / Come-a-long

• Uses
•Hazards
• Exceeding S.W.L
• Damaged Equipment
• Incorrect attachment(s)
• Loads Falling
• Personal injury
 Chain Blocks

• Uses
•Hazards
• Exceeding S.W.L
• Faulty Equipment
• Incorrect attachment(s)
• Loads Falling
• Personal Injury
Chain Block
Chain
- Wear resistant, best durability.
- Flexible.
- A wide range of components to choose from.
- Heat resistant.
- Shortening possibility
-easy to store

Steel wire rope

- Lighter and often less expensive than chain.

- Usually hot-dip galvanised for best rust protection.
-Suitable for extremely heavy loads.

Soft lifting slings

Simple and inexpensive.
- Suitable for fragile goods.
- Flexible, suitable for choke-hitching load.
- Easy identification of max. Load by colour.
- easy to store
 Sling Inspection
Inspect slings:
 Each day before use
 Where service conditions
warrant
Remove them from service if
damaged or defective
 Alloy Steel Chains
•Adapts to shape of the load

•Can damage by sudden

shocks
•Best choice for hoisting very
hot materials
•When one link in a chain fails,
the load will come down.
•Must have an affixed tag
stating size, grade, rated
capacity, and sling
manufacturer
Chain configuration
 Pre-use inspection

Lifting gear---chain slings

• All chain slings shall be subjected to a semi-annually
inspection by a authorized third party.

• Chain slings shall be pre-use checked including:

---SWL

---stretch or deformation
---wear between chain links and
load pin
---heat damage or chemical
effect
---safety catches

MSSC Training Section 77

 Inspection of Chain

• Must be visually inspected prior to use.

• Pay special attention to any stretching

(any elongation from the original length.

• The diameter of the worn chain link should

be measured at the point of the greatest
wear and compare with minimum
allowable diameters in tables.
MSSC Training Section
Inspection of Chain
• Chains must only be
repaired under qualified
supervision.
• Repaired chains must be
proof load tested before
returning to service.
• Tests must be performed
by mfg. or accredited
agency.
• Test certificates must be
available.
• Chains must be
removed from service
when maximum
allowable wear is
reached at any point of
link.
 As indicated in Table
C-2.
MSSC Training Section 83
MSSC Training Section
MSSC Training Section
 Markings
Alloy Steel Chain

It must be marked with grade or manufacturer's mark

 Hoist Chains
• Four grades:
 Grade 28 General Utility Chain
 Grade 43 High Test Chain
 Grade 70 Binding Chain
 Grade 80 Alloy Steel Chain: The only one used for
overhead lifting!
• Ranges in size from 7/32 to 11/4 link diameter.
• Check for wear, gouges, stretch, shearing
• Inspection is LINK by LINK
• Twisted link extremely unsafe
• Use with grab hooks
• Tags: should be on every chain: Size, Grade,
Capacity
 Hoist Chains
• Hoist load chains do not stretch
(they wear)
• Sling chains chain stretch 10 -
15 % before failure
• Grades are indicated on side of G 80
link
MSSC Training Section 95
MSSC Training Section 96
 Chain Wear

When a chain
shows excessive
wear, or is cracked
or pitted, remove it
from service

Non-alloy repair
links can not be
used

MSSC Training Section 97

CORRECT
METHOD OF Never knot
USE the chain to
shorten it

Unloaded Chain

Loaded Chain

Shortening LINK
• Kinked or knotted
chains must not be used
for lifting.
• Chains must not be
shortened by bolting,
wiring or knotting.
• Wrought iron chains in
use must be annealed or
normalized at least every
six months.
• Heat treatment
certificates must be
available.
• Alloy chains must not be
annealed.
Alloy Steel Chain Attachments
Rated Capacity

Hooks, rings, oblong

links, or other
attachments, when
used with alloy steel
chains, must have a
rated capacity at least
equal to that of the
chain
Types of Hooks for lifting
 Wire Rope Slings
•Used to hoist materials
Wire
Core

•Selection considerations: Center

 strength
 ability to bend without
cracking Strand

 ability to withstand abrasive Wire

wear rope
 ability to withstand abuse
MSSC Training Section 104
 Wire Rope Construction
 There are three main things to observe
when examining the construction:
 (a) Number of wires in each strand
 (b) Number of strands in the rope
 (c) Direction in which wires and strands
lay (spiral) in the rope

 CORE
The core of a wire rope can be
 Fibre (FC),
 Wire Steel (WSC),
 or an Independent Wire Rope
Core (IWRC)
 STRANDS Depend on classification of Rope
but usually consists of Wires spiralling around
a Central Core Wire
Wire Rope Construction
Wire Rope Cores

Fiber IWRC Strand

 WIRE ROPE
• Shall be capable of supporting without failure at least 6
times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to
the rope

• Larger outer wire provide greater resistance to abrasion

and crushing.

• Rate at which a wire rope weakens depends on where and

how often it is used, how it is cared for, condition of hoist.

• Regular inspection is needed to determine whether the

wire rope has enough life left to support until the next
inspection MSSC Training Section 108
 WIRE ROPE
• Do not expose steel wire rope to excessive heat or cold.

• Rope with fibre core: max. 100ºC.

• Rope with steel core and aluminium ferrule: max. 150ºC.

• Rope with steel core and steel ferrule/or hand spliced:

max. 150ºC = 100%,

max. 200ºC = 90% of WLL,

max. 400ºC = 60% of WLL.

• Do not use at temperatures below –40ºC without consulting the

manufacturer
 STEEL WIRE ROPE
The most common designs of steel wire rope used in lifting equipment are: 114-
wire rope (6 x 19) with a fibre core (diameter: approx. 3 to 8 mm)

216-wire rope (6 x 36) with a fibre core (diameter: approx. 6 to 60 mm)

133-wire rope (7 x 19 )with a steel core, intended for hot environments.

265-wire rope (6 x 36) with a steel core, intended for hot environments.

144-wire rope (6 x 24) for use in shipping and disposable slings.

The nominal breaking strain of individual wires in ropes must be 1770 N/mm2.
The minimum wire fill-factor of ropes must be 0.40.
 How to describe any wire rope
A typical wire rope may be Each strand
contains 25
designated 6X25 FW PRF RLL XIP
wires
Strand
IWRC. This translates to:
A 6 strand (6X25) of filler wire
construction (FW).
The grade of wire used is Extra
Improved Plow Steel (XIP).
The strands are preformed (PRF) in
helical pattern before being laid Right

lang (RLL) around an Independent Wire

Rope Core (IWRC).
Rated Capacity
 Lubrication

Regularly lubricate ropes and chains

MSSC Training Section 114
Wire Rope Slings
 Lifting gear---Wire rope slings (safety factor: 3-5)

All wire ropes shall be subjected to a semi-annually inspection by

a authorized third party.

Minimum information marked (stamp/tag) shall include: “SWL”,

“Sling Number” and “manufacture date”

Wire rope slings shall be inspected before and after each use
according to the list below: --self-inspection
---broken wire
---distortion of the rope ( kinking)
---excessive wear
---heat damage
---distortion of ferrules, splicing or
fittings, etc.
Wire rope sling having any of the above mentioned characteristics
shall be immediately removed from service and destroyed.
 General Requirements

Slings used in a basket hitch must have

the loads balanced to prevent slippage.

Slings must be securely attached to

their loads.
 General Requirements

Slings must be padded or protected

from the sharp edges of their loads.

Suspended loads must be kept clear of

all obstructions.
 General Requirements

All employees must keep clear of loads

to be lifted and suspended loads.

Hands or fingers must not be placed

between the sling and its load while the
sling is being tightened.
 Inspections
Each day before use, the sling, all
fastenings and attachments must be
inspected by a competent person

Additional inspections performed during

use, where conditions warrant

Damaged slings must be removed from

service
MSSC Training Section 121
 Wire Rope Slings
Eye Splices

• Eye splices made in any wire rope

• must have at least three full tucks
 Protruding Ends

Cover or blunt protruding ends of strands

 Wire Rope Clips

When using U-bolt

wire rope clips to
form eyes, ensure
the "U" section is in
contact with the
dead end of the
Dead End
rope
This is the correct method

U must always in
shorter side
 WIRE ROPE
Clips
Never saddle a dead horse

live line

dead end
saddle on live end

: clips staggered

: clips reversed
. If a pulley (sheave) is used in place of a thimble, add one
4

additional clip. Clip spacing should be as shown.

MSSC Training Section 131
The strength of steel wire rope is reduced by
bending. The derating is related to the diameter
of the bend as follows
(d = diameter of the steel rope)

6d = 100%
5d = 85%
4d = 80%
3d = 70%
2d = 65%
1d = 50%

MSSC Training Section 132

 Table 1
Rope Number Min. Tightening
Diameter of Spacing Torque
(mm) Clips (mm) Newton/meter
5 mm 3 30 mm 2
6.5 mm 3 39 mm 3.5
8 mm 4 48 mm 6
10 mm 4 60 mm 9
13 mm 4 78 mm 33
16 mm 4 96 mm 49
19 mm 4 114 mm 68
22 mm 5 132 mm 107
26 mm 5 156 mm 147
30 mm 6 180 mm 212
34 mm 6 204 mm 296
40 mm 6 240 mm 363
Clip Rope Minimum No. Amount of Rope to * Torque in
size size of clips TURN BACK in inches Ft.Lbs.

1/8 1/8 2 3-3/4 7.5

1/4 1/4 2 4-3/4 15

5/16 5/16 2 5-1/4 30

3/8 3/8 2 6-1/2 45

7/16 7/16 2 7 65

1/2 9/16 3 12 95

5/8 5/8 3 12 95

3/4 3/4 4 18 130

7/8 7/8 4 19 225

1 1 5 26 225

1-1/8 1-1/8 6 34 225

1-1/4 1-1/4 7 44 360

Clip Rope Minimum No. Amount of Rope to * Torque in
size size of clips Turn Back in inches Ft.Lbs.

1-3/8 1-3/8 7 44 360

1-1/2 1-1/2 8 54 360

1-5/8 1-5/8 8 58 430

1-3/4 1-3/4 8 61 590

2 2 8 71 750

2-1/4 2-1/4 8 73 750

2-1/2 2-1/2 9 84 750

2-3/4 2-3/4 10 100 750

3 3 10 106 1200

3-1/2 3-1/2 12 149 1200

If a pulley (sheave) is used for turning back the wire rope, add one additional clip.
135
 Rope Required number of Tightening
diameter wire rope grips torque required

19 mm 4 68 n/m

22 mm 5 107 n/m

26 mm 5 147 n/m

30 mm 6 212 n/m

34 mm 6 296 n/m

40 mm 6 363 n/m

Safe Working Load=d²x8

1.Turn back specified amount of rope from thimble or loop.

Apply first clip one base width from dead end of rope.

Apply U-Bolt over dead end of wire rope – live end rests in
saddle (Never saddle a dead horse!).

Use torque wrench to tighten evenly, alternate from one nut to

the other until reaching the recommended torque.
2. When two clips are required, apply the second clip as near the loop or
thimble as possible.

Use torque wrench to tighten evenly, alternating until reaching the

recommended torque.

When more than two clips are required, apply the second clip as near the
loop or thimble as possible, turn nuts on second clip firmly, but do not
tighten.

3. When three or more clips are required, space additional clips equally
between first two - take up rope slack - use torque wrench to tighten on
each U-Bolt evenly, alternating from one nut to the other until reaching
recommended torque.
• Eyes in wire rope bridles,
slings, bull wires, or in
single parts used for
hoisting must not be
formed by wire rope clips
or knots.
 Remove From Service

Immediately remove damaged or defective

slings from serviceMSSC Training Section 140
 Wire Rope Slings
Remove From Service
If these happen, remove the wire rope sling from service

Bird Caging Kinking

Crushing
Wire Rope Slings
Remove From Service
 WIRE ROPE REJECTION CRITERIA
• Consider which regulations apply to your work location and apply
the relevant criteria as applicable.
• Recognise the removal criteria. - 9 points to consider
(BRITISH STANDARDS)
1. Number,nature,type and position of visible broken wires in a
length equal to 10 times the rope diameter a maximum 5% of total
number of wires in the rope.
2. Local groups of visible broken wires-a maximum of 3 in one or
adjacent strand.
3. Deterioration in the vicinity of the termination or terminal damage
any wire breaks within 6mm of the termination.
4. Core deterioration-abrupt loss in diameter.
5. Wear-Maximum reduction in diameter-10% from nominal diameter.
(6&8 strand) (3%from nominal -Multistrand).
6. Internal corrosion - reject rope if internal corrosion is confirmed.
7. External corrosion - corrosion causes very high losses in rope breaking
load.Reject rope if corrosion causes wire slackness.
8. Deformations.
9. Thermal damage.
Wire Rope Slings
Remove From Service
Wire Rope Slings
Remove From Service
Termination Failure
Termination Failure
 Damaged wire rope

Crushed Rope

Broken Strands

Damaged wire rope must be taken out of service

MSSC Training Section 150

 ROPE LAY : the
distance it takes a
strand to fully spiral
around the rope.

STRAND Rule of Thumb:

6 to 7 times the
rope diameter
SLING Replacement Criteria

6 RANDOMLY DISTRIBUTED
broken wires in 1 rope lay

3 broken wire in 1 rope

strand in 1 rope lay
ANSI B30.9
 Damaged Choker

MSSC Training Section 153

Remove From Service When
• 6 broken wires in 1 lay
• 3 in one strand
• Outer wire diameter worn 1/3 original
diameter
• Bird caged , crushed, kinked
• Rope that cannot safely support 6 times
the hoist capacity should be replaced

MSSC Training Section 154

Wire rope slings, like chain slings, must be cleaned prior to
each inspection because they are also subject to damage
hidden by dirt or oil.

In addition, they must be lubricated according to

manufacturer's instructions.

Lubrication prevents or reduces corrosion and wear due to

friction and abrasion.

Before applying any lubricant, however, the sling user

should make certain that the sling is dry.

Applying lubricant to a wet or damp sling traps moisture

against the metal and hastens corrosion.
MSSC Training Section 158
POOR HOUSEKEEPING
 Lifting gear---Webbing slings (safety factor: 5-10)
• All webbing slings shall be subjected to a semi-annually inspection by a
authorized third party.

• Minimum information marked (stamp/tag) shall include: “SWL”, “Sling

Number”, “manufacture date” and manufacturer’s tag.

• Webbing slings shall be inspected prior to use and shall be immediately

removed from service if any of the following condition is present:

---Acid or caustic burn

---melting or charring of any part of the sling
---holes, tears, cuts or snags
---excessive abrasive wears
---knots in any part of the sling
---other visible damage that cause doubt as to
strength of the sling
WLL of sewn webbing Colour of webbing
component
t

1.0 Violet
2.0 Green
3.0 Yellow
4.0 Grey
5.0 Red
6.0 Brown
8.0 Blue
10.0 and over Orange
MSSC Training Section 163
Polyester Round Slings
Codes and Capacities
 Synthetic Web Sling
Markings

• Mark or code to
show:
Name or trademark
of manufacturer
Rated capacities for
the type of hitch
Type of material
MSSC Training Section 166
Web slings

MSSC Training Section 168

Synthetic Slings

MSSC Training Section 169

 SYNTHETIC WEB SLINGS
• Available in 2 material

1.nylon 2.polyester

• Polyester stretch only half as much as nylon slings.

• Less tendency to crush fragile objects than fiber , wire

and chain slings.

• Do not rust and thus will not stain.

 SYNTHETIC WEB SLINGS
• They are elastic and stretch under load more than either
wire or chain and thus absorb heavy shock.

• Light weight permits ease of rigging

• Nylon and polyester slings must not be used at

temperature above 90°c

• At low sling angles one edge of the web will be

overloaded and the sling will tend to tear.
Material properties Polyester is resistant to acids but not to alkalis, e.g.
ammonia and caustic soda.

• The melting point is 260oC, but polyester lifting equipment must not be
used with loads or ambient temperatures hotter than 100oC.
• The strength is not affected by water. Water absorption is negligible.
• Note that friction and sharp edges can quickly wear and cut polyester.
• Lifting equipment in polyester has a blue identification tag.

Polypropylene

• The melting point is 165oC.

• Polypropylene must not be used with loads hotter than 80oC.
• Lifting equipment in polyproplene has a brown identification tag.

Safety factor

Roundslings and webbing slings = 7:1 according

to EN-standards.
 Synthetic Web Slings
Fittings
• Fittings must
be:
At least as strong
as that of the sling
Free of sharp
edges that could
damage the
webbing
 Synthetic Web Sling
Stitching

Stitching

• Stitching is the only method allowed to

attach end fittings to webbing, or to form eyes
Synthetic Web Slings -
Remove from Service
Synthetic Web Slings -
Remove from Service
Synthetic Web Slings -
Remove from Service
Synthetic Web Slings -
Remove from Service
Synthetic Web Slings -
Remove from Service
Synthetic Web Slings -
Remove from Service
 Synthetic Web Slings -
Remove from Service
• Remove from service
if any of these are present:
Acid or caustic burns
Melting or charring of
any part
Snags, punctures, tears
or cuts
Broken or worn stitches
Distortion of fittings Heat Damage
MSSC Training Section 188
MSSC Training Section 189
STORAGE
STORAGE
 PROTECTIVE GUARD
• EDGE GUARD
Consists of strips of webbing or leather sewn around
each end of the sling. This is necessary whenever sling edges are
subjected to damage.

• SLEEVE OR SLIDING TUBE WEAR PADS

are available for slings
used to handle material with sharp edge. The pads are positioned on
the sling where required. Will not move when the sling stretches.

• BUFFER STRIPS
of leather , nylon or other material sewn on the body of
the sling protect against wear.
Leather pads are more resistant to wear.
Not recommended in length over six feet because of their strength
characteristics differ from those of webbings.
 Lifting gear---personnel working basket

• Personnel working basket shall be subjected to a annual

load test and inspection-------Third party

• Personnel working basket shall be visually examined by

the person in charge of the lift before each use including:

---structure defects
---excessive wear
---corrosion
---other unsafe condition
 CENTRE OF GRAVITY
• The entire weight may be concentrated at this point.
• CG is the point around which an object weight is evenly
balanced
• A suspended object will always move until it’s centre of
gravity is directly below it’s suspension point.
• The loads centre of gravity must be directly under the
main hook and below the lowest sling attachment before
the load is lifted.
• An object symmetrical in shape uniform in composition
will have it’s centre of gravity at it’s geometric centre.
• With odd shape objects the centre of gravity can be more
difficult to locate.
Center of Gravity
Safe Slinging Practice

Crane hook must

be on the CG

C.G.

199
Safe Slinging Practice

This load is not stable. The hook is over

the CG, but the CG is above the lifting
hook.
This load is top heavy, and could
overturn while being lifted
Safe Slinging Practice

This load is stable

The hook is right over
the CG.
 Safe Slinging Practice

Unstable
The load will shift until the
CG is under the hook.
The hook is not over
the centre of gravity This will make landing the load
very difficult, and could cause
major problems in carnage
Sling Angles
SLING ANGLES

0° 0.5 te each sling

30° 0.53 te each sling
60° 0.58 te each sling
90° 0.7 te each sling
120° 1.0 te each sling

1.0 Tonne
The SWL of a pair of single slings decreases as the angle between them
increases.
0°-SWL=SWL of one sling x 2 0°-SWL=SWL of one sling x 2
30°-SWL=SWL of one sling x 2 x 0.966 30°-SWL=SWL of one sling x 1.93
60°-SWL=SWL of one sling x 2 x 0.866 60°-SWL=SWL of one sling x 1.73
90°-SWL=SWL of one sling x 2 x 0.707 90°-SWL=SWL of one sling x 1.414
120°-SWL=SWL of one sling x 2 x 0.5 120°-SWL=SWL of one sling only.
 500 LBS
500 LBS

S
57
LB 1000 LBS 1000 LBS

7L

70
S
LB
7

7
BS
57

LB
7
90 60° 45° 30°

70

S
1000 LBS 1000 LBS 1000 LBS 1000 LBS

Note: A good operating practice is to keep sling angles

from going below 60 degrees
 Safe Slinging Practice

500
500
Kg
Kg
1000 1000
Kg Kg

707 707
Kg Kg 1932 1932
Kg Kg

90 90
45 45 30 30 15 15

1000 1000 1000 1000

kg kg kg kg
Wire Rope Capacities
 SLING ANGLES

• Loading in any type of sling is affected by the angle of the

legs.
• Possible keep leg angles greater than 45° from horizontal
• Angles approaching 30° are extremely hazardous and must
be avoided at all costs.
• Low sling angles create large horizontal compressive
forces in the load ,which may be sufficient to cause
buckling, especially in long, flexible load.
• Error in measurement as little as 5° can affect the load in
the sling drastically (hugely).
Sling Angle Factor = L/H

Where:

L = Length of the sling.

H = Height of the L
connection point H
from the horizontal
plane of the load.
 Sling Angles
Sling tension is multiplied
when slings are gathered
and an angle is formed.

This angle is referred to as

the “Horizontal Sling
Angle”
Horizontal
Sling Angle
The tension induced into
the slings must be
considered the same as
load when sizing slings
and hardware.
 Sling Angles
5,000 lbs 5,000 lbs
Sling tension can be
calculated as follows:

In this example, each

sling supports ½ of the
load or 5,000 lbs in the
true vertical position.

When the sling angle is

changed, a load factor is
applied to account for 5 ton
tension induced into
each sling due to
mechanical force.
 Load Angle Factor

Load factor is
calculated as follows

L
L/H =Load Factor H

L = 12’
H= 10’5”
144 / 125 = 1.152
 Load Angle Factor

Load factor:Measure
at midpoint if
necessary.

L/H =Load Factor

L H
L = 6’
H= 5’2”
72” / 62” = 1.152
 Sling Load Angle

Sling Angles
Angle Factor
90º 1.000
85º 1.004
80º 1.015
75º 1.035
70º 1.064
L 65º 1.104
H
60º 1.155
55º 1.221
50º 1.305
45º 1.414
40º 1.555
L/H =Load Factor 35º 1.742
30º 2.000
L = 144’’ 25º 2.364
20º 2.924
H= 125’’
15º 3.861
144’’/ 125’’ = 1.152 10º 5.747
Angle near 60° 5º 11.490
 Sling Load Angle
Sling Angles Angle Factor
90º 1.000
60º provides excellent load control with 85º 1.004
minimal mechanical force applied to 80º 1.015
slings. Use caution over 60º as the load
can become unstable with multiple
75º 1.035
slings depending on load and hitch. 70º 1.064
65º 1.104
60º 1.155
Most Desirable Angles 55º 1.221
50º 1.305
45º 1.414
40º 1.555
Use Caution With
35º 1.742
These Angles 30º 2.000
25º 2.364
20º 2.924
Avoid These Angles 15º 3.861
Rigging to angles less than 30° 10º 5.747
is not recommended. 5º 11.490
 Included Angle
All triangles have 180°

Included Angle

90° 120°
30° 30°
45° 45°

The reason that you can’t rig below a 30° angle is

that there is no hardware designed to take it.
 Safe Slinging Practice
Balanced ¼” off 1/2” off 3/4” off Point
load centre centre centre loading

Can carry Can carry Can carry Can carry Can carry
100% of 88% of 80% of 70% of 40% of
rated load rated load rated load rated load rated load

Safety latches
omitted
Safe Slinging Practice
Softeners, padding or use
of blocking..
 Safe Slinging Practice

Tag line should be attached to the load

swinging and to help it landing in the
right place.
 Unsafe Slinging

Lift and lower the

load smoothly,
do not jerk
Unsafe Slinging
Unsafe Slinging
Unsafe Slinging

Is it right
method to
extend a
chain sling?
Unsafe Slinging
 Point Lifting

Two Point Three Point Four Point

 MULTI LEG SLINGS

If the lengths of the legs of a multilegged chain sling

are unequal, overload should be suspected.
Sling Configurations
 Factor of Safety
• A factor of safety is applied to a rigging system
after all known loads and strengths have been
considered.
• It is intended to allow for unknown variability of
material, deterioration of equipment over time,
acceleration and other unforeseeable loads, and
the like.
• The usual factor of safety is 5 (1 : 5)

• The Breaking Strength

• Factor of safety = ----------------------------------------
 SAFE WORKING
LOAD

CATALOGUE BREAKING STRENGTH OF ROPE

MAX. S.W.L. = -----------------------------------
FACTOR OF SAFETY

CATALOGUE BREAKING STRENGTH OF ROPE

= ----------------------------
5
EXAMPLE: If the wire rope catalogue gives the breaking strength of
the rope as 10 tons, the maximum safe working load is’
10 tons
Max. S.W.L. = = 2 tons
5
 SAFE WORKING LOAD

Rule of Thumb of Computing Rope S.W.L.

S.W.L. = Rope Diameter x Rope Diameter x 8

EXAMPLE:
(a) 1/2 inch diameter rope
SWL = 1/2 x 1/2 x 8 = 2 tons
(b) 5/8 inch diameter rope
SWL = 5/8 x 5/8 x 8 = 3.125 tons
(c) I inch diameter rope
SWL = 1 x 1 x 8 = 8 tons
 SWL OF SLINGS

SAFE WORKING INCLUDED ANGLE θ SAFE WORKING

LOAD OF LOAD
SLING WITH ANGLEθ
G = 10 TON at 90 90 10 TON

160 3.45 TON

140 6.80 TON

120 7.07 TON

60 12.25 TON
0 14.14 TON
P = G / Cos 45
SWL at angle =P X
Cosθ /2
SLING ANGLES AND SAFE WORKING LOADS

90˚ angle at hook

corresponds
to 45˚ sling angle
 SLING ANGLES AND SAFE WORKING LOADS
.

When L = S
Sling angle is 60˚
 SLING ANGLES AND SAFE WORKING LOADS

Calculating SWL
H is the vertical distance
from the saddle
of the hook to the top of
the load.
L is the distance
measured along the
sling from the saddle of
the hook to the
top of the load.
The ratio H/L will be same
as the ratio h/l
SLING ANGLES AND SAFE WORKING LOADS

Determining capacity
of 2-Leg Bridle
Hitch

SWL
= SWL (of single
vertical hitch) X H/L X
2
 SLING ANGLES AND SAFE WORKING LOADS

When sling legs

are not of equal
length
use smallest H/L
ratio.
SLING ANGLES AND SAFE WORKING LOADS

Determining capacity
of 3-Leg Bridle
Hitch
SWL
= SWL (of single
vertical hitch) X H/L X 3
When sling legs are
not of equal length
use smallest H/L ratio.
SLING ANGLES AND SAFE WORKING LOADS

Determining capacity of 4-
Leg Bridle
Hitch
Load may be carried by
only 3 legs while
the fourth merely
balances it. Therefore
the recommended SWL is:
SWL
= SWL (of single vertical
hitch) X H/L X 3
When sling legs are not of
equal length
use smallest H/L ratio.
SLING ANGLES AND SAFE WORKING LOADS

Determining capacity of
Single Basket
Hitch
For Vertical legs (fig A):
SWL = SWL (of single
vertical hitch) X 2

For inclined legs (fig B):

SWL
= SWL (of single vertical
hitch) X H/L X 2
SLING ANGLES AND SAFE WORKING LOADS

Determining capacity of
Double Basket
Hitch with inclined
angles

SWL
= SWL (of single vertical
hitch) X H/L X 4
 SLING ANGLES AND SAFE WORKING LOADS

Determining capacity
of Double Wrap
Basket Hitch
Depending on the
configuration, SWLs
are the same for the
Single Basket Hitch
or the Double Basket
Hitch.
SLING ANGLES AND SAFE WORKING LOADS

Sling angles less than

45˚ (formed by the
choker) are not
recommended. If they
must be used the
formula is:

SWL
= SWL (of single
vertical hitch) X H/L X
A/B X 2
 SLING ANGLES AND SAFE WORKING LOADS

Determining capacity
of Double Wrap
Choker Hitch

Depending on the
configuration, SWLs
are the same for the
Single Choker Hitch
or the Double Choker
Hitch.
 SLING ANGLES AND SAFE WORKING LOADS

Endless Sling choker Endless or Grommet Sling in Vertical

Hitch Configuration Hitch
SLING ANGLES AND SAFE WORKING LOADS

Endless Sling in
Double Basket
Hitch
Configuration
SLING ANGLES AND SAFE WORKING LOADS
Endless or Grommet Slings Standard Eye-to Eye slings
SLING ANGLES AND SAFE WORKING LOADS
Effect of sling angle on Webbing
Twisted Eye Slings
Basic Sling Operating Practices
(ANSI B30.9)
Whenever any sling is used, the
following practices shall be
observed!
1. Slings that are damaged or defective
shall not be used.
2. Slings shall not be shortened with knots
or bolts or other makeshift devices.
Basic Sling Operating Practices
(ANSI B30.9)

3. Sling legs shall not be kinked.

4. Slings shall not be loaded in excess of
their rated capacity.
5. Slings used in a Basket Hitch shall have
the load balanced to prevent slippage.
6. Slings shall be securely attached to the
load.
Basic Sling Operating Practices
(ANSI B30.9)
7. Slings shall be padded or protected from
the sharp edges of their loads.
8. Suspended loads shall be kept free of
obstructions.
9. All employees shall be kept clear of
loads about to be lifted and of
suspended loads.
Basic Sling Operating Practices
(ANSI B30.9)
10. Hands or fingers shall not be
placed between the sling and it’s
load while the sling is being
tightened around the load.
11. Shock loading is prohibited.
12. A sling shall not be pulled from
under a load when the load is
resting on the sling.
Basic Sling Operating Practices
(ANSI B30.9)
INSPECTION
Each day before being used, the sling and all
fastenings and attachments shall be
inspected for damage and defects by a
competent person designated by the
employer. Additional inspections shall be
performed during sling use as often as
necessary to assure the safety of the
operation.
Basic Sling Operating Practices
(ANSI B30.9)

REPLACEMENT
Severe localized Abrasion or Scraping.
Ten Randomly Distributed Broken Wires in
one Rope Lay, or Five Broken Wires in One
Rope Strand in One Rope Lay.
Evidence of Heat Damage. (Cut with a
Torch)
Basic Sling Operating Practices
(ANSI B30.9)
REPLACEMENT
Kinking, Crushing, Birdcaging, or Any
Damage Resulting in Distortion of the Rope
Structure.
Damaged, Distorted or Field Welded Hooks.
Damaged or Worn End Attachments.
If In Doubt, Don’t Use It!
 GUIDELINES FOR
SLINGER/BANKSMAN
1. Do everything possible to ensure the safety of personnel
and equipment.
2. Be familiar with the crane working range,load radius and
boom angle.
3. Know and understand appropriate safe slinging principles.
4. Inspect lifting accessories each time before use.
5. Know the weight of the load and the slinging methodology.
6. Be able to select the correct equipment for the job in hand.
7. Be aware of obstructions and hazards within operating range.
8. Know and understand the method of banksman hand signals.
9. Give clear and precise hand signals.
10. Use correct protocol during radio communication.
 GUIDELINES FOR
SLINGER/BANKSMAN
11. Warn personnel in the area of the movement of the load.
12. Never lift a load over personnel.
13. Never stand beneath a load or allow other personnel to do so.
14. Ensure hands are clear from lifting gear prior to lifting loads.
15. Always ensure an escape route is available prior to lifting loads.
16. Always use tag lines especially for awkward loads.
17. Ensure a minimum of 3 personnel is deployed for each lifting
operation. I.E. Crane operator, Banksman and slinger.
18. If anything out of the ordinary occurs - STOP and CHECK.
19. Be aware of potential snagging points in the vicinity of the load
whilst hoisting/lowering in restricted areas.
20. Be aware of wind speed and direction which could affect the
lifting operation.
 Removing Jewelry and Wearing
Gloves!

Cause?
Not wearing gloves
and not taking off
the ring.
 Types of cranes
• Boom truck
• Jib crane
• Crawler Crane
• Ceiling Crane
• Tower Crane
• Gantry Crane
• Side Boom
• Hammer Crane
• …
 Identification and Capacity
The manufacturer must issue a Test Certificate for
every crane he produces, identifying it and specifying
the Safe Working Load (SWL) which must be clearly
marked on the Crane structure.
Safe Working Load
CRANE SAFETY
CRANE SAFETY
CRANE SAFETY
CRANE SAFETY
CRANE SAFETY
CRANE SAFETY
CRANE SAFETY
CRANE SAFETY
CRANE SAFETY
CRANE SAFETY
Eleven questions for safe hoisting (work permit)
• Are all those involved familiar with the rules and procedures for the hoisting assignment?
• Have all those involved visited the Toolbox?
• Have the necessary hoisting/lifting equipment and materials been inspected and given a:
- Safe hoisting weight
- Unique identification number
- Valid inspection date?
• Are all the safety provisions operating correctly?
• Is everyone aware of who the responsible supervisor is for these hoisting activities?
• Is everyone properly qualified and aware of their assigned tasks?
• Is there a plan to carry out a task risk analysis and/or risk inventory & evaluation for the job and does
everyone understand the hoisting assignment and the precautionary measures?
• Do we know under what weather conditions the hoisting work needs to be suspended (e.g. high
winds)?
• Has the hoisting area been checked and is everyone positioned at a safe distance in the event that the
load swings or falls?
• Have the communication methods been agreed and are they clear?
• Is the hoisting equipment being used in the correct way?
Sling Angles
Load Angle Factor 1.155

Share of Load In Each Sling 5,000#

Load Per Sling 5,775#

Sling Size 5/8”

Shackle Size 3/4”

Never use a D to d
ratio of 1:1 or less.
Always use at least
one size larger
shackle than wire
rope size.
 D to d IS EXTREMELY
IMPORTANT IN RUNNING
ROPES ON A CRANE. THE
LARGER THE SHEAVES,
THE LESS BENDING
FATIGUE IN THE ROPE.

SAME AS BENDING
A PAPER CLIP

D to d
Sling Angles Load Angle Factor 2

Share of Load In Each Sling 5,000#

10,000#
Load Per Sling
7/8’’
Sling Size
1’’

Shackle Size
Sling Angles Load Angle Factor 1.414

Share Of Load In Slings A 6,000#

A Load Per Sling A 8,484#

B 5,000#
Sling Size A 3/4’’
B 3/4’’

Shackle Size A 7/8’’

B B 7/8’’
C 7/8’’
C
 Center Of Gravity
Load Angle Factor A Share Of Load Sling A
Load Angle Factor B Share Of Load Sling B

Load Sling A
Load Sling B

A
B Sling A Size
Sling B Size
5 tons

Shackle A Size
Shackle B Size
Sling Tension
A LF
LF B
1.2
2
60/120 60/72
5 tons

Share of Load
104 + 40 =144” 10,000 X .72 7200#
=
10,000 X .28 2800#
=
.72 or 72%
144 104
Which sling is which?
.28 or 28 %
144 40
 Center Of Gravity
Load Angle Factor A 2 Share Of Load Sling A 2,800#
Load Angle Factor B 1.2 Share Of Load Sling B 7,200#

Load Sling A 5,600#

Load Sling B 8,640#

A
Sling A Size 5/8’’
B
Sling B Size 3/4’’
5 tons

Shackle A Size 3/4’’

Shackle B Size 7/8’’
 1. What length of sling is needed to
produce a 60º sling angle? 17’
2. At 60º what is the tension in the
slings? 8,700#
3. What is the rigging height? 176 5/8’’
4. To keep rigging height under 6’,
L2 H1 what is the max sling length? 124”
5. What is the sling angle? 35º
6. What is the tension in each sling?
13,050#
L1
SLING LENGTHS AND LOADINGS
Sling Sling Length Rigging Height Tension in Each
Angle (L2) (H1) Sling (T)
(deg)
30 =L1 * 0.577 =L1 * 0.289 =W * 1.00
The weight of the object above is 35
40
=L1 *
=L1 *
0.610
0.653
=L1 *
=L1 *
0.350
0.420
=W
=W
*
*
0.87
0.78
15,000#. The lifting lugs are 17’ 45 =L1 * 0.707 =L1 * 0.500 =W * 0.71
50 =L1 * 0.778 =L1 * 0.596 =W * 0.65
apart. Answer the following. 55 =L1 * 0.872 =L1 * 0.714 =W * 0.61
60 =L1 * 1.000 =L1 * 0.866 =W * 0.58
65 =L1 * 1.183 =L1 * 1.072 =W * 0.55
70 =L1 * 1.462 =L1 * 1.374 =W * 0.53
75 =L1 * 1.932 =L1 * 1.866 =W * 0.52
80 =L1 * 2.879 =L1 * 2.836 =W * 0.51
 Multi Leg Slings
When all legs of the sling will be equally
spaced around the center of gravity, the
sling sizes should be based on only two
legs as the load can teeter from corner to
corner thus loading only two slings.
 Rigging Selection

The rigging capacity and the material to be

lifted must match. Using too small
capacity rigging or components is just
asking for an accident to happen.
1. Who is responsible
(competent/qualified) for the rigging?
a. Communications Established?
 Rigging Selection

2. Is the Equipment in Acceptable

Condition?
a. Appropriate Type?
b. Proper Identification?
C. Properly Inspected?
 Rigging Selection
3. Are the Working Load Limits
Adequate?
a. What is the weight of the load?
b. Where is the center of gravity?
c. What is the sling angle?
d. Will there be side loading?
e. Capacity of the gear?
 Rigging Selection

4. Will the Load be Under Control?

a. Tag Line available?
b. Is there any possibility of
fouling?
c. Clear of Personnel?
 Rigging Selection

5. Are there any Unusual Loading or

Environmental Conditions?
a. Wind?
b. Temperature?
c. Surfaces? (Ice, Suction, Water)
d. Unstable Object(s)?
 5 SIMPLE RULES FOR A BANKSMAN
weight of the _______.
1. Know the _______ load
2. Use Lifting __________
____ the right________ equipment for the job.
correctly to the load, ensuring that the
3. Attach it ____________
hook is over the ___
C of ___
G of the load.
hands are clear of the slings.
4. Before lifting ensure that ______
slowly and _______
5. Lift ________ carefully. Ensure all __________
personnel
are clear of the load.
 TIPS OF SAFE LIFTING
Competent Operators and Riggers
Check defect of lifting gears prior to use
Check the capacity of sling and weight of load
Check the center of gravity of the load
Check the load is free from any obstruction
Check the load properly secured, No loose material
START and STOP slowly
Check the platform capacity where the load to be shifted
Use tag line with load, 2 tag lines for long and bulky load
Proper communication between Operator and Rigger
Check the boom swinging radius is clear
Keep clear yourself and others from load lifting/dropping
RIGGING SUPERVISOR
 LOLER
Loler regulations
1. Came into effect 5th Dec 1998.
From this date holders must comply with all the all duty
requirements.
2. Defining the terms etc.
I E. 1974 act means the Health and safety at work act 1974.
3. To whom and where.
• Ships Merchant Shipping.
• Slips Trips And Falls.
• Risk Assessment.
4. Calls upon the employer to ensure that the strength and
stability are adequate.
5. Lifting equipment for lifting persons.
 LOLER
Reg`s Cont`d
6. Every employer shall reduce to as low as possible.
• The load from striking people.
• Load drifting.
• Falling.
• Being released unintentionally.

7. Every employer shall ensure that

I.e. equipment for lifting people is clearly marked.

8. Properly planned
Properly supervised
Carried out in a safe manner
 LOLER
Reg`s Cont`d
9. Thorough examination and inspection.
• Lifting persons every 6 months.
• Accessories lifting gear slings hooks shackles 6 months.
• Lifting equipment, mechanical device capable of raising
or lowering a load 12 months.

10. Report and defects.

11. Keeping of information.

 LIFTING OPERATIONS
APPLICABLE LEGISLATION

• HEALTH & SAFETY AT WORK etc 1974.

• MANAGEMENT OF HEALTH&SAFETY AT WORK
REGULATIONS 1992.
• LIFTING OPERATIONS AND LIFTING EQUIPMENT
REGULATIONS 1998.
• PROVISION AND USE OF WORK EQUIPMENT
REGULATIONS 1992 (AMENDED 1998).
• MANUAL HANDLING OPERATIONS REGULATIONS 1992.
 LIFTING OPERATIONS
APPLICABLE LEGISLATION
HEALTH & SAFETY AT WORK etc ACT 1974
• EMPLOYERS RESPONSIBILITIES
- It shall be the duty of every employer to ensure,as far as is
reasonably practicable, the health, safety and welfare at work
of all his employees.
• EMPLOYEES RESPONSIBILITIES
- To take reasonable care for the health and safety of themselves
and others who may be affected by their acts or omissions.
- They must co-operate with their employers as far as is necessary
to enable that duty or requirement to be performed or complied
with.
- No person shall intentionally or recklessly interfere with or misuse
any equipment provided in the interest of health,safety or welfare.
 LIFTING OPERATIONS
APPLICABLE LEGISLATION
Management Of Health & Safety At Work Regs 1992
• Requires employers and self employed persons to assess the risks
to workers and any others who may be affected by their undertaking
• Employers with five or more employees must also record the
significant findings of that assessment
• Assessment should be reviewed and if necessary modified when the
nature of the work or the physical conditions of the work place
changes.
• Suitable and sufficient risk assessments should -
- be carried out by a competent person
- ensure that all relevant risks or hazards are addressed
- determine the likelihood of injury or harm arising
- take into account any existing control measures.
 LIFTING OPERATIONS
APPLICABLE LEGISLATION
Management Of Health & Safety At Work Regs 1992 cont`d

-Identify the measures that employers must

take in order to comply with their duties under
the applicable health and safety legislation.

-Generic or “model”risk assessments are

acceptable where similar activities are being
under taken in similar places of work.
 LIFTING OPERATIONS
APPLICABLE LEGISLATION
Provision And Use Of Work Equipment Regs 1992
• Every employer shall:-
• Ensure that work equipment is so constructed or adapted as to be
suitable for the purpose for which it is used or provided.
• The suitability of work equipment should be addressed from three
aspects.
- it’s initial integrity,- the place where it will be used,- the purpose
for which it will be used.
• In selecting work equipment every employer shall have regard to
the working conditions and to the risks to the health and safety of
persons which exist in the premises or undertaking in which the
work equipment is to be used.
 LIFTING OPERATIONS
APPLICABLE LEGISLATION
Provision And Use Of Work Equipment Regs 1992 cont`d
• “suitable” means that it must be suitable by design,
construction or adaptation for the work it is provided
to do and suitable in every respect which it is reasonably
foreseeable will affect the safety and health of any person.
• Risk assessments carried out under the MHSWR will help
employers to select work equipment and assess it’s suitability
for particular tasks.
Every employer shall ensure:-
• That work equipment is maintained in an efficient state,in
efficient working order and in good repair,and the where there is
a maintenance log it is kept up to date.
 LIFTING OPERATIONS
APPLICABLE LEGISLATION
Provision And Use Of Work Equipment Regs 1992 cont`d

• The use of work equipment is restricted to those persons given the

task of using it.
• That all persons who use or supervise the work equipment have
available to them adequate health and safety information and where
appropriate written instructions pertaining to its use.
• That all persons who use work equipment have received
adequate training in the methods which may be adopted when
using the work equipment, any risks which are entailed and
precautions to be taken
• That effective measures are taken to prevent contact with
dangerous parts of machinery, this includes measures at four
levels-fixed
enclosing guards, other guards or protection devices, protection
appliances and the provision of information.
 LIFTING OPERATIONS
APPLICABLE LEGISLATION
Manual Handling Operations Regs 1992
• Manual handling operations-means any transporting or supporting
of a load by hand or bodily force -I.e. lifting, pulling, pushing,
carrying, putting down or moving thereof by hand or bodily force.
• They refer to the manual handling of loads by human effort as
opposed to mechanical handling by a crane or other such equipment.
• A load in this context must be a discrete moveable object but does
not include an implement, tool or machine while in use.
• The reg`s seek to prevent injury to any part of the body and as such
account should be taken of physical properties which may effect
grip or cause direct injury.
• Each employer shall so far as is reasonably practicable, avoid the
need for his employee to undertake any manual handling at work.
 LIFTING OPERATIONS
APPLICABLE LEGISLATION
Manual Handling Operations Regs 1992 cont`d

• Where it is not reasonably practicable to avoid the need for the

employee to under take manual handling which involves the risk
of injury,the employer shall make a suitable and sufficient
assessment of all such manual handling operations.
• The assessment should be carried out by a competent person and
shall take into account the task,load,and working environment.
• Properly based generic assessments are acceptable if they draw
draw together common threads from a range of broadly similar
manual handling operations.
• Manual handling assessment findings must be recorded.
 LIFTING OPERATIONS
APPLICABLE LEGISLATION
Lifting Operations And Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998

• Regulation.1- Citation and commencement-lays out scope and

timing.
• Regulation.2- Interpretation -Definitions
• Regulation.3- Application-Details where and to whom the
regulations apply.
• Regulation.4- Strength and stability-Calls upon the employer
to ensure that the strength and stability of
lifting equipment is adequate for use.
• Regulation.5- Takes precedence over all other LOLER reg`s
when lifting of persons is to be carried out.
• Regulation.6- Positioning and installation of equipment to
minimise risk.
 LIFTING OPERATIONS
APPLICABLE LEGISLATION
Lifting Operations And Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 cont`d

Regulation. 7-Marking of equipment to reflect SWL.

Regulation. 8-Organisation of lifting operations to reflect operational
safety, adequate supervision and planning.
Regulation. 9-Thorough examination and inspection to ensure valid
certification, proper manufacture and fitness for use.
Regulation.10-Reports and defects places a duty on the examiner to
provide a report of examination to employer and HSE
in certain circumstances.
Regulation.11-Keeping of information to ensure that initial
conformity certificates and examination reports
follow a piece of equipment.
Schedule.1- Information for report of thorough examination contains
a list of key information which must be recorded.
Planning a lifting operation
Identify lifting
requirement

Yes Lifting Plan? No

Carry out risk Note all lifting

plans shall be
Review Lifting Plan assessment.
No created by a
Plan suitable? Create Lifting competent
Plan person

Yes
Hold Pre-Job
Toolbox Talk,
Complete
Form

Any Risks
ID'd?

No Yes

Identify
measures to
reduce risk

Risk
acceptable No
level?

Yes

Perform lifting
operation

Any
STOP JOB Yes unforseen
hazards?

No

Complete task,
file lifting plan
 Planning the lift

i s e ss e n tial
op e r a t i o n
ng t h e l i fting a r r i ed o u t
Planni t the l i f t is c
e n su r e t ha ently
to d e f f ic i
safely an
 Planning the lift

Absence of planning leads to

Short cuts, using unsafe procedure, equipment
&
It may cause
An ACCIDENT OR DELAY
 Planning the lift
• The following points must be considered during
planning:
 Where the load is to be picked up from
 Where the load is to be placed
 What areas to be passed over
 Any obstructions in the way
 How the load is to be slung
 How the slings are to be removed and access
to them
 Planning the lift
• For complex lifts, following points may have
to be considered:
 Special lifting accessories such as spreader beams
to ensure that the load is safely lifted and without
damage to the product (large machineries,
generators, etc.)
 Special connectors to connect special built in
connecting points. The operations may involve:
• Turning loads over or standing them upright
• Using more than one crane to lift a load.
 The lift
After slinging but before lifting, the following must be
considered

 Are the slings undamaged and properly attached to

the load?
 Is the crane hoist rope vertical?
 Is the load free i.e not attached to any thing else?
 Are the legs of multi legged sling equally loaded?
 Are all spare legs of the sling are hooked up to the
master link on the lifting hook?
 The lift
After slinging but before lifting, the following must be
considered
 Are all personnel clear of the load?
 Is the landing site prepared to take the load?
 If required, is hand/tag lines attached to the
load?
 Check Before Lifting
• Now lift the load a short distance above the
ground and check that:
 The load is balanced and stable.
 The legs of the slings are at correct angles.
 Any packing pieces used, are in place and sound.
 The load itself is not stressed, especially when lifting
packing cases, timber etc, which can fail under the
loads applied due to lifting.
 Landing the load
• Before landing the load check that:
 The landing area will take the weight of the load.
 There is sufficient space for the load.
 There are strips of timber or similar on which to
land the load such that the slings can be easily
removed by hand.
 The load should be landed gently to
ensure that it is not damaged and that
the crane does not receive any shock
loading.
 Do’s & Don’ts
Always Never
• Ensure that only authorized
slingers/signalers attach or • Wrap tag line around hand
detach loads, or signal the or body.
crane operator. • Leave a suspended load
unattended.
• Discuss operations with the
crane operator (special • Pass loads over people.
operations). • Ride or climb on
• Ensure that the capacity of suspended loads.
the crane is sufficient. • Stand or walk beneath the
• Seek expert advice when loads.
using eye bolts, plate clamp • Use pipes to support for
etc. landing the load
• Use tag line always
SLING TYPES

The dominant characteristics of a sling are determined by the

components of that sling. For example, the strengths and
weaknesses of a wire rope sling are essentially the same as the
strengths and weaknesses of the wire rope of which it is made.

Slings are generally one of six types: chain, wire rope, metal
mesh, natural fiber rope, synthetic fiber rope, or synthetic web.
In general, use and inspection procedures tend to place these
slings into three groups: chain, wire rope and mesh, and fiber
rope web. Each type has its own particular advantages and
disadvantages. Factors that should be taken into consideration
when choosing the best sling for the job include the size,
weight, shape, temperature, and sensitivity of the material to be
moved, as well as the environmental conditions under which the
sling will be used.