Prayer

Almighty and Loving Father, creator of heaven and Earth. We praise you
and adore you. You are the King of Kings. We humbly ask for forgiveness
for our sins. Have mercy on us oh Lord. Help us to overcome all the
challenges especially during this pandemic. Send us your Holy Spirit to be
our guide and give us wisdom to understand every topic that we are going
to discuss. Enlighten our minds and let your love be upon us. We thank
you Father for this precious time that you have given us.

All this we pray through our Lord Jesus Christ your son who lives and
reigns with you in the unity of Holy Spirit one God Forever. Amen.
 NUCLEIC ACID

Presented by:

Karen Mae Hipolito

Michelle Ann Ardeña
Glory Ann Salvador
Zarah Fernandez
KAREN MAE HIPOLITO

TOPICS TO BE PRESENTED:

DEFINITION OF NUCLEIC ACID

PROPERTIES OF NUCLEIC ACID
TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACID
Nucleic Acid - are essential large biological molecules for all forms of life. The nucleic acids include the
DNA and the RNA. They are the hereditary determinants of living organisms. They are present in most living
cells either in free state or bound to proteins as nucleoproteins. The nucleic acids are biopolymers with
mononucleotides as their repeating units. The monomers are known as nucleotides, they are made up of
three units: a sugar, an amine and a phosphate group.

Nucleic acids are unbranched polymers composed of repeating monomers called nucleotides.
 Properties of Nucleic Acids

 Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are long polymers made of repeating units of nucleotides.
 Nucleotide units are made of phosphate sugar nitrogenous base units.
 The nitrogenous bases found in DNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine.
 Adenine and guanine are purine bases while cytosine and thymine are pyrimidines.
 In RNA, the thymine base is replaced by uracil which is also pyrimidine.
 The nucleotides are linked by phospodiester bonds.
 They are linked by a phosphate group on the 5th position of the sugar residue becomes linked
to 3- hydroxyl group of the preceding sugar molecule.
 The double stranded DNA can be denatured by alkaline condition or heat.
Two Types of Nucleic Acid
1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) - deoxyribonucleic acid, stores the genetic information of an
organism and transmits that information from one generation to another.

 DNA is one of the macromolecules; they are essential to all living forms.
 Deoxyribonucleic acid contains the genetic information; it is used in the development and functioning
of all living organisms.
 The DNA segments carry genetic information - genes.
 Other DNA segments have structural functions or regulate the genetic information.
 DNA is made of two chains made of polymer units of nucleotides.
 The backbones of DNA are made of sugar and phosphate groups which are joined by ester bonds.
 The two strands of DNA are anti- parallel, they run in opposite directions.
 Each sugar molecule is attached to one of the four nucleobases.
 The nucleobases encode genetic information that is read using the genetic code.
 Inside the cell has its own one complete set of chromosomes.
 In eukaryotic organisms, most DNA is stored in the nucleus of the cell, and also some of it in cellular
organelles like mitochondria or chloroplast.
 The prokaryotes store the DNA in the cytoplasm.
 Chromatin proteins like histones compact and organize the DNA
2. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) - ribonucleic acid, translates the genetic information contained in DNA
into proteins needed for all cellular functions.

 The function of ribonucleic acid is to convert genetic information from genes into amino acid sequences
of protein.
 In some viruses, RNA contains the genetic information.
 RNA is of three types, they are tRNA (transfer RNA), mRNA (messenger RNA) and rRNA (ribosomal
RNA).
 Messenger RNA, acts a messenger. It carries genetic information sequences between DNA and
ribosome, and it also directs protein synthesis.
 Ribosomal RNA is a major component of the ribosome; they catalyze the formation of peptide bond.
 Transfer RNA acts as a carrier molecule for the amino acids that are used in protein synthesis. The tRNA
is also responsible for decoding the mRNA.
Two Types of Nucleic Acid
MICHELLE ANN ARDEÑA

TOPICS TO BE PRESENTED:

STRUCTURE OF NUCLEIC ACID

Structure of Nucleic Acids

Structure of nucleic acids DNA and RNA are similar. The structure is divided into four different levels,
primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary.
Primary Structure

Primary structure of nucleic acids a linear sequence of

nucleotides are linked to each other by phosphodiester linkages.
Nucleotides are made up of three components- Nitrogenous base,
5- carbon sugar and phosphate groups. Nitrogenous base are
purines (adenine, guanine) and pyrimidine (cytosine, thymine
present in DNA only), uracil (present in RNA only). The 5- carbon
sugar is deoxyribose for DNA and ribose sugar in RNA. The purine
bases, form glycosidic bond between their 9’ nitrogen and the 9’-
OH group of the sugar molecule. The pyrimidine bases, they form
glycosidic bond between 1’ nitrogen and the 9’- OH of the
deoxyribose.
Secondary Structure

Secondary structure is the interaction between

the bases this structure shows parts of strands of DNA
in a double helix of the DNA are bond to each other by
strand base pairs with the nucleotides of the other
strand. The secondary structure of the DNA is
predominantly the base pairing of the two
polynucleotide strands forming a double helix.
Tertiary Structure

Tertiary structure is the three dimensional shape into

which the entire chain is folded. Tertiary structure
arrangement differs in four structural forms:
1. Left to right handedness.
2. Length of the turn of the helix.
3. Number of base pairs per turn.
4. The difference size between major and the minor groove.
Quaternary Structure

Quaternary structure is the higher level of the

organization of the nucleic acid. This structure
refers to the interactions of the nucleic acid with the
other molecules. The most commonly seen
organization is the form of chromatin which shows
interaction with small proteins histones.
GLORY ANN SALVADOR

TOPICS TO BE PRESENTED:

Functions of Nucleic Acid

Difference between RNA and DNA
Function of Nucleic Acids

 The main function is store and transfer genetic information.

 To use the genetic information to direct the synthesis of new protein.
 The DNA is the storage for place for genetic information in the cell.
 DNA controls the synthesis of RNA in the cell.
 The genetic information is transmitted from DNA to the protein synthesizers in the cell.
 RNA also directs the production of new protein by transmitting genetic information to the
protein building structures.
 The function of the nitrogenous base sequences in the DNA backbone determines the proteins being
synthesized.
 The function of the double helix of the DNA is that no disorders occur in the genetic information if it is lost
or damaged.
 RNA directs synthesis of proteins.
 mRNA takes genetics message from RNA.
 tRNA transfers activated amino acid, to the site of protein synthesis.
 rRNA are mostly present in the ribosome, and responsible for stability of mRNA
Difference between DNA and RNA

DNA RNA
1. It contains deoxyribose sugar. 1. It contains ribose sugar.

2. It is found in the chromosomes of the nucleus, 2. It is found in the cytoplasm, nucleolus, nucleoplasm and
mitochondria, and chloroplast. is associated with chromosomes.

3. Double-stranded structure. 3. Single-stranded structures generally except few viruses.

4. The nitrogenous bases present are adenine, guanine, 4. The nitrogenous bases present are adenine, guanine,
cytosine, and thymine. cytosine, and uracil.

5. Long molecule with high molecular weight. 5. Relatively short molecule with low molecular weight.

6. Purines and pyrimidines do not occur in equal

6. Purines and pyrimidines occur in equal proportion. proportion.

7. DNA is the hereditary material. 7. RNA is the hereditary material only in a few viruses as
well as viroids.
ZARAH FERNANDEZ

TOPICS TO BE PRESENTED:

Reactions of Nucleic Acid

Latest Update
Summary
Reactions of Nucleic Acids

• Nucleotides are joined together similarly to other biological molecules, by a condensation reaction that releases
a small, stable molecule. Unlike proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, however, the molecule that is released is not
water but pyrophosphate (two phosphate groups bound together). When pyrophosphate is cleaved by the
addition of water, a great deal of free energy is released, ensuring that the reverse process (hydrolysis of the
phosphodiester bond to give free nucleotides) is very unlikely to occur.
Common biological reactions
DNA replication is a process whereby the original (parent) strands of DNA in the double helix are separated
and each one is copied to produce a new (daughter) strand. This process is said to be semi-conservative
since one of each parent strand is conserved and remains intact after replication has taken place. Several
enzymes, e.g. DNA polymerases, are involved in DNA replication.

One of the parental strands of the DNA molecule is replicated by base pairing so that the newly synthesized
strand would be complementary to the original or parent strand. That is the purine nucleobase (i.e. adenine
and guanine) is paired with the pyrimidine nucleobase (i.e. cytosine and thymine). In particular, the adenine
will be paired with thymine while guanine with cytosine.

DNA replication is necessary in cell division. In the early stages of mitosis (prophase) and meiosis (prophase
I), DNA is replicated in preparation for the late stages where the cell divides to give rise to two cells
containing identical copies of DNA. After replication, copies of DNA molecule are checked by proofreading
mechanisms. DNA replication can be carried out artificially through a laboratory technique called
polymerase chain reaction that can amplify the target DNA fragment from the genome
       
Updates on Nucleic Acid

Artificial nucleic acids include peptide nucleic acid (PNA), Morpholino and locked nucleic acid (LNA),

as well as glycol nucleic acid (GNA) and threose nucleic acid (TNA). Each of these is distinguished from
naturally-occurring DNA or RNA by changes to the backbone of the molecule.
(https://phys.org/tags/nucleic+acids/)

A BIOLOGICALLY STABLE DNAZYME THAT EFFICIENTLY SILENCES GENE EXPRESSION IN

CELLS

RNA-cleaving DNA enzymes (DNAzymes) have the potential to function as therapeutic agents by
silencing the expression of disease-associated proteins. Xeno-nucleic acids were used to improve the
catalytic activity and biological stability of a highly evolved DNAzyme known as 10–23. The enzyme
exhibits a robust multiple-turnover activity in cultured mammalian cells. 
•Yajun Wang
•, Kim Nguyen
• & John C. Chaput
       
Updates on Nucleic Acid

HOW M6A SNEAKS INTO DNA

The biological function and origin of m6A in DNA have been widely debated. A new study
demonstrates that the majority of m6A in DNA originates from RNA catabolism via a
nucleotide salvage pathway. 
•Paolo Spingardi
• & Skirmantas Kriaucionis

MADE IN TRANSLATION

Evolution of highly functionalized DNA could enable the discovery of artificial nucleic acid
sequences with different properties to natural DNA. Now, an artificial translation system has
been designed that can support the evolution of non-natural sequence-defined nucleic acid
polymers carrying eight different functional groups on 32 codons.
• Chaput, J.C. 
SUMMARY:

Nucleic acids are molecules made up of nucleotides that direct cellular activities such as cell division and
protein synthesis. Each nucleotide is made up of a pentose sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.
There are two types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. DNA carries the genetic blueprint of the cell and is
passed on from parents to offspring (in the form of chromosomes). It has a double-helical structure with the
two strands running in opposite directions, connected by hydrogen bonds, and complementary to each other.
RNA is single-stranded and is made of a pentose sugar (ribose), a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.
RNA is involved in protein synthesis and its regulation. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is copied from the DNA, is
exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and contains information for the construction of proteins.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a part of the ribosomes at the site of protein synthesis, whereas transfer RNA
(tRNA) carries the amino acid to the site of protein synthesis. microRNA regulates the use of mRNA for
protein synthesis.
Summary of the Components of Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and Nucleic Acids

Type of Compound Components

A monosaccharide + a base
A ribonucleoside contains the monosaccharide ribose.
Nucleoside
  A deoxyribonucleoside contains the monosaccharide 2-
  deoxyribose.
A nucleoside + phosphate = a monosaccharide + a base +
phosphate
A ribonucleotide contains the monosaccharide ribose.
Nucleotide
  A deoxyribonucleotide contains the monosaccharide 2-
  deoxyribose.
A polymer of deoxyribonucleotides
DNA
  The monosaccharide is 2-deoxyribose.
  The bases are A, G, C, and T.
A polymer of ribonucleotides
RNA
  The monosaccharide is ribose.
  The bases are A, G, C, and U.