Course Learning Outcome (Clo) : CLO1 (Apply Knowledge of Basic Concepts and Fundamentals of

FUNDAMENTALS
PROGRAMMING
DEC20012 :
CHAPTER 1
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME (CLO) :
CLO1 (Apply knowledge of basic concepts and fundamentals of
structured programming in solving a variety of engineering and
scientific problems using a high level programming language.
 The set of characters used to form words numbers and
expressions
 The characters in C are grouped into the following two
2.1 Know the Variables, Constants

categories:
1. Source Character Set

a. Alphabets
b. Digits
c. Special Characters
d. White Spaces
and Data Types

2. Execution Character Set
a. Escape Sequence
2
 Source Character Set
* ALPHABETS
Uppercase letters A-Z

Lowercase letters a-z
* DIGITS
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
* WHITESPACE CHARACTERS
Space, Horizontal tab, Vertical Tab, Form Feed, New Line
and Data Types

3
Symbol Meaning
| Vertical bar
 Source Character Set \
`
Backslash
Apostrophe
* SPECIAL CHARACTERS - Minus sign

= Equal to sign
Symbol Meaning { Left brace
~ Tilde } Right brace
! Exclamation [ Left bracket
mark ] Right bracket
# Number sign : Colon
$ Dollar sign " Quotation mark
% Percent sign ; Semicolon
^ Caret < Opening angle
and Data Types

& Ampersand bracket
* Asterisk > Closing angle
( Lest parenthesis bracket
) Right parenthesis ? Question mark
_ Underscore , Comma
+ Plus sign . Period
4
 Execution Character Set
ESCAPE SEQUENCE

Escape Character Result Escape Character Result
Sequen Sequen
ce ce
\b blank Moves previous \\ Back slash Present
space position back slash
\t horizontal Moves next \’ Single Present
tab horizontal tab quote Apostrophe
\v vertical tab Moves next \" Double Present
and Data Types

vertical tab quote Double
\r carriage Moves quotes
return beginning of \? Question Present
the line mark Question
\f form feed Moves initial Mark
position of next \0 Null Null 5
 There are 4 types of data in C :
int

char
double
float
and Data Types

6
INTEGER
(int)
 Keyword int is used to declare an integer numbers

variables type. Direct Access Storage
Syntax : int variable_name; bilangan

Example : int bilangan;
int num1, num2; num1
 num2 space
This declaration tells the compiler that the memory
and Data Types

required to hold the data type of integer called bilangan,
num1 and num2.
7
CHARACTER
(char)
 Keyword char is used to declare a character variables type.

Syntax : char variable_name;
Example : char huruf;

char name [12];
 This declaration tells the compiler that the memory space
and Data Types

required to hold the data type of character called huruf, and
name.
8
CHARACTER
(char)
 Variable characters store any print or non-printed

characters in computer character sets include:
Capital and lowercase letters
Decimal digits (0-9)
Special Characters
and Data Types

 These characters are represented in one byte (8
bits) in the computer memory.
9
FLOATING POINT
(float/double)

Keyword double is used to declare a
floating point variables type.
 There are 3 types of floating point in C :
◦ float
and Data Types

◦ double
◦ long double
10
FLOATING POINT
(float/double)
The three types differ in terms of the range of values and

the number of digits after the decimal point can be
represented.
 An example of IBM compatible systems and Turbo C++ :
* float 1.175494e-38 to 3.402823e+38
(6 decimal places)
* double 2.225074e-308 to 1.797693e + 308
and Data Types

(15 decimal places)
* long double 3.362103e-4932 to 1.189731e + 4932
(19 decimal places)
11
Keyword Full Name Size* Range*
signed: -128 to
1
Character or 127

char by
small integer unsigned: 0 to
te
255
signed: -32767 to
1
32768
int Integer wo
unsigned: 0 to
rd
65535
and Data Types

Boolean, can 1
1 (true) or 0
bool take either true by
(false)
or false. te
4
Floating point 3.4e +/- 38 (7
float by 12
 Keywords are the reserved words

used in programming.
 Each keywords has fixed meaning
and that cannot be changed by
user.
 C programming is case sensitive,
and Data Types

all keywords must be written in
lowercase.
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and Data Types
14
2.2 Understand The Fundamentals Of C
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
The C program starting point is
identified by the word main()

This inform the computer as to where
the program actually start

The 2 braces { and } signify the begin
and end segment of the program
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Header File

Contain definition function and variables which
can be incorporated into any C program by
using the pre-processor #include statement

To use any of the standard function, the
appropriate file should be included

All header file have the extension of “.h” and
generally reside in the /usr/include
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subdirectories

Example : #include<math.h>, #include<string.h>
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Header File

The use of angle “< >” inform
the compiler to search
compiler include directories
for the specified files
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Return Statement

The return statement terminates the
execution of a function and returns
control to the calling function.

Execution resumes in the calling
function at the point immediately
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following the call
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The Usage of Comments

Why use comment ?
 Documentation of variables and
function of their usage
 Explaining difficult section of code
 Describe the program, author , date,
modification changes, revision,etc
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
Use /* close */ or // for single line
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The symbolic name in functional and variable

such as number1 & sum is called the identifier.
InC, the identifier is use as official name for :
functions, variables, constants and labels.
The identifier in C must meet the following
conditions :
 begins with the alphabet or underscore (_)
 consists of letters (A. .. Z, a. .. z), digits (0 ... 9)
or character (_)
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 Not the C reserved word (keyword)
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Valid Invalid Reason?
polipd 2polipd
_bek meow?
rekod_201 rekod-301
Gross_Pay Gross pay
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Valid Invalid Reason?
polipd 2polipd Begin with
number
_bek meow? Illegal
character
rekod_201 rekod-301 Illegal
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character
Gross_Pay Gross pay Illegal blank
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 The identifier name design
by the user for the purpose
of definition is :
1. variable
2. constant
3. function
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Variable

A Variable is a name given to the memory
location where the actual data is stored

Variable name may have different data
types to identify the type of value stored.

Suppose we declare variable of type integer
then it can store only integer values.
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Variable

Can consist of letters @ number @ underscore "_"
Example: NAME, NAMA_BAPA, NUMBER1
Case sensitive
Example: AGE, Age, AgE, agE is a different variables
SAME AS IDENTIFIER
Cannot start with numbers
Example: 1NAMA
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Keyword cannot be used as a variable names
Example: printf, while, loop
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Variable

IS THIS A LEGAL VARIABLES ?
“x” pay_income
JUMLAH main
x+y 17th
Sumx2 Kadar+Cukai
3ing continue
hourly-rate bil_aksara
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gross pay item 10
Hasil2 _KIRAJUMLAH
27
Direct Access Storage

Variable Declaration no
To declare a
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h> variable
named no and
the type is integer
main()
{
int no;
printf(" Sila masukkan nombor kegemaran : “);

scanf(“%d”,&no);
printf("Nombor kegemaran anda ialah: \n");
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printf(“%d”, no);
getch();
return 0;
}
DEC2012 - FUNDAMENTAL PROGRAMMING 28
Direct Access Storage
no1

Variable Declaration no2
#include <stdio.h> To declare
#include <conio.h> variables named
purata
no1, no2, purata
main()
{ and the type is integer
int no1, no2, purata;
printf(" Sila masukkan nombor 1 : \n“);
scanf(“%d”,&no1);
print("Sila masukkan nombor 2 : “);
purata = (no1 + no2)/2;
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printf("Purata 2 no ialah:%d”,purata);
getch();
return 0;
}
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Variable Declaration

 Examples :
char code;
float
kadarBayaran;
double jum_pendapatan;
int a, b;
??? ???
code kadarBayaran
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??? ??? ???
jum_pendapatan a b 30
Variable Assignment

 There are TWO ways to assign initial values to variables:
◦ Using the assignments statement after declaration
Examples :
int i;
.
.
i = 0;
◦ Assigns initial values during declaration
Examples :
int i = 0;
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int a, b = 0;
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Variable Assignment

 Assigning initial values to variables is necessary to avoid garbage
errors. int lebar = 20;
int tinggi = 10;
int panjang = 10;
int luas, isipadu;
luas = lebar * tinggi;
isipadu = panjang * lebar * tinggi;
20 10
lebar tinggi
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10 200 ???
panjang luas isipadu

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Variable Assignment

 Assigning initial values to variables is necessary to avoid garbage
errors. int lebar = 20;
int tinggi = 10;
int panjang = 10;
int luas, isipadu;
luas = lebar * tinggi;
isipadu = panjang * lebar * tinggi;
20 10
lebar tinggi
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10 200 2000
panjang luas isipadu

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Constant

Entities that appear in the program code as a fixed
value.
Example: Price for photocopy paper RM 0.06
There are four classes of constants in C which will

be discussed:
 Integer
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 Floating point
 Character
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Integer Constant

 Some rules for writing a valid integer constant for the C :
 Must begin with a non-zero digit (if there is more than one
digit)
 May consist of the digits 0 to 9
 Ifthere is no sign (+ or -) in a constant integer, then the
computer will consider it as a positive
 Comma (,) is not allowed. For example: 1,500,000 is invalid. It
should be written as 1500000.
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 Spaces between the digits are not allowed
Valid or Not ?  -15 0179 1,756 +250 7500
0
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Floating Point Constant

 Positive and negative decimal numbers with the integers,
the point and fractional part.
 It can be represented with ordinary notation or scientific
notation.
Example : 20.35 (ordinary notation)  0.2035 x 102 (scientific notation)
 Scientific form is written in C as 0.2035E+2 or 0.2035e+2.
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 (‘E’ @ ‘e’ is exponential)
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Floating Point Constant

 There are three types of floating point
constants in C:
float
double
long double
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Character Constant

 A character enclosed by sign-opener ‘ and ' (single quote).
◦ Examples : ‘ A’ ‘z’ ‘?’ ‘.’ ‘5’ ‘1’ ‘$’
◦ Output : A z ? . 5 1 $
without ‘ ’
 A space that enclosed by the opening pair is also a constant
singular character.
Example : ‘ ’
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◦
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Character Constant

 There are special characters that start with \ (backslash).
 This character is the character that cant see such as :
\ n  represents a new line
\ 0  represent the NULL character
\ t  represents a tab
\ a  to produce sound when a message displayed
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39
Quiz
Constant

 Provide a space for a value that does not change
throughout the implementation of the program
 3 techniques :
 #define
 Syntax - #define pi 3.142
 Const
 Syntax - const float pi = 3.142;
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 Enum – there is some values
 Syntax - enum Color
Click the
{RED, BLUE, GREEN};
Quiz button on iSpring Pro
toolbar to edit your quiz
 A numeric constant / string / a variable / value

combined with constant, variable and other
expressions.
 Examples :
A= 4+9
CLASS = “DTP5”
JUM = NO * NUM
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Which one
#include <stdio.h> is the
#include <conio.h> Expression?
main()
{
int jumlah;
jumlah =4+9;
printf(“jumlah ialah:%d”,jumlah);
getch();
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return 0;
}
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Whenever and input/output function

(printf() and scanf()) is
used, the program should include a
header file stdio.h as follows :
#include<stdio.h>
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The printf()Function

 printf() send data to the output device regarding to
a given format.
 The format is :
printf(“Print the output statement”);
 Example 1:
Coding
printf(“Politeknik Port Dickson”);
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Output
Politeknik Port Dickson
44

 The format string contains details on how the data appears.
 It may consist of format specifications (%d %f %c %s).
 There is often a “%” sign followed by a letter or a “\” followed by a
letter.
 Example 2 : A %d tells C to insert a decimal integer
value at that place in the string
Coding
printf(“Here is an integer : %d \n”, 5);

Output
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Here is an integer : 5
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 There a several format specifications :
 %d – print an integer
 %u - print an unsigned integer
 %ld – print a long integer
 %f – print a float
 %lf – print a long float (double)
 %e – print a floating point in scientific notation
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 %c – print a character
 %s – print a string
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 Any occurences of the “\” character inside a string is called an
escape sequence.
 Some common escape sequences :
 \’ - output a single quote ( ‘) character
 \’’ - output a double quote ( ‘‘) character
 \? - output a question mark (?) character
 \\ - output a back slash (\) character
 \a - cause an audible (bell) or visual alert
 \b - move the cursor back one position on the current line
 \f - move the cursor to the start of the next logical page
 \n - move the cursor to the beginning of the next line
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 \r - move the cursor to the beginning of the current line
 \t - move the cursor to the next horizontal tab position
 \v - move the cursor to the next vertical tab position
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Printing Integers Numbers(%d)

 Example 1 :
Coding
int num1;
num1= 5;
printf(“The Integer Number is = %d”, num1);
Output
The Integer Number is = 5
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Printing Floating Numbers(%f)

 Example 1 :
Coding
float num1;
num1= 33.77;
printf(“The Float Number is = %f”, num1);
Output
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The Float Number is = 33.77
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Printing Floating Numbers(%f)

 Example 2 :
Coding
printf(“%.1f\n”, 12.345678);
printf(“%.2f\n”, 12.345678);
printf(“%.3f\n”, 12.345678);
Output
12.3
Programme
12.35 The output is rounded to 2 decimal places
12.346
50
Printing Strings(%s)

 You can specify a field by placing a decimal
number between the % and s.
 If the field is larger than the data requires, it is
padded with spaces on the left
 Example 1 :
Coding
printf(“Computer”);
printf(“%13s \n”, “Computer”);
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Output
Computer
Computer 51
Printing Strings(%s)

 If the width parameter is omitted, then the
field width is assumed to be the default
width (the length of the string).
 Example
Coding 2:
printf(“Computer”);
printf(“%4s \n”, “Computer”);
Output
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Computer
Computer
52
Printing Characters(%c)

 Same as string, you can specify a field
width by placing a decimal number
between the % and c.
 Example
Coding
1:
printf(“%c%c%c%c”, ‘J’,’U’,’N’,’E’);
Output
Programme
JUNE
53
Printing Characters(%c)

 Example 2 :
Coding
char let1, let2, let3, let4;
let1 = ‘J’;
let2 = ‘U’;
let3 = ‘N’;
let4 = ‘E’;
printf(“%c%c%c%c”,let1,let2,let3,let4);
Output
Programme
JUNE
54
Displaying Several Values At Once

 A single printf()can be use to display
several values.
 Example 1 :
Coding
int year = 21;
float height = 1.73;
printf(“Ahmad is %d years old and %.2f m height”,
year, height);
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Output
Ahmad is 21 years old and 1.73 m height

55
The scanf() Function

 The scanf()function allows users to
communicate with the program.
 It is an input from the keyboard.
 The program pauses and waits for you to
input a line from the keyboard.
 After the line has been input and <ENTER>
pressed, C makes the assignment of the
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input data to the variables (var1, var2, var3
…. )
56
The scanf()Function

 Syntax :
scanf (“format string”, &var1, &var2, …, &varn);
• Format of the data to be • Variables whose types may

input. be int, char, float in
• Consist of format which the input will be
specifications stored
such as %c, %d,etc
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The scanf()Function

 Format specifications for scanf()are :
 %d – read an integer
 %f – read a float
 %lf – read a long float (double)
 %c – read a character
 %s – read a string
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The scanf()Function

 Example 1 :
Coding
scanf(“%c %d”, &num1, &num2);
A character that will

be stored in variable num1
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An integer that will be
stored in variable num2
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The scanf()Function


Example 2 :
Coding
int day, month, year;
printf(“Please enter a date :\n”);
scanf(“%d %d %d”, &day, &month, &year);
printf(“Day: %d\t Month:%d\t Year:%d”, day, month, year);
Output
Please enter a date:
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17 8 1996
Day: 17 Month: 8 Year:1996
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 To perform a mathematical

operations @ logical to a value
 3 Types of operators :
Assignment Operators
Mathematical Operators
Relational Operators
Logical Operators
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Unary Operators
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Assignment Operators (=)

 Assignment operator is used in assigning values.
 In general, assignment operator assigns the value of the
right hand side operand to Left hand side Operand.
 Assignment operator is binary operator  so it must need
two operands.
 Assignment operator symbol is = (equal to).
 Assignment operator have two values those are Left-side
value also called as L-Value and Right-side Value also
called as R-Value.
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 Left-side value of Assignment Operator must be Variable.
62

There are following assignment operators
supported by C language:
Operat
Description Example
or
Simple assignment operator, Assigns
C = A + B will assign
= values from right side operands to left
value of A + B into C
side operand
Add AND assignment operator, It
C += A is equivalent to C
+= adds right operand to the left operand
=C+A
and assign the result to left operand
Subtract AND assignment operator, It
subtracts right operand from the left C -= A is equivalent to C =
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-=
operand and assign the result to left C - A
operand
Multiply AND assignment operator,
It multiplies right operand with the C *= A is equivalent to C = 63
*=

There are following assignment operators
supported by C language:
Operat
Description Example
or
Divide AND assignment operator,
It divides left operand with the right C /= A is equivalent to C = C
/=
operand and assign the result to left / A
operand
Modulus AND assignment
operator, It takes modulus using C %= A is equivalent to C =
%=
two operands and assign the result C % A
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to left operand
C <<= 2 is same as C = C <<
<<= Left shift AND assignment operator
2
Right shift AND assignment C >>= 2 is same as C = C >>
>>=
operator 2 64

Operator Example Meaning
+= n += 5 n = n + 5
-= n -= 5 n = n - 5
*= n *= 5 n = n * 5
/= n /= 5 n = n / 5
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%= n %= 5 n = n % 5
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#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>
main() 22
{
int n = 22;
n += 9; n
printf(“Original value of n = “,n);
n -= 5;
printf(“After n -= 5 = “,n); Original value of n = 22
n *= 2; After n += 9, n = 31
printf(“After n *= 2 = “,n); After n -= 5, n = 26
n /= 3; After n *= 2, n = 52
printf(“After n /= 3 = “,n); After n /= 3, n = 17
n %= 7; After n %= 7, n = 3
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printf(“After n %= 7 = “,n);
getch();
return 0;
}
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Mathematical Operators

Used in mathematic expressions
Operat
Function Example
or
+ Addition var=a+b
– Subtraction var=a-b
* Multiplication var=a*b
/ Division var=a/b
% Modulus var=a%b
++ Increment var++
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-- Decrement var--
+ Unary plus +var
– Unary minus -var 67

 Thecombination of one or more arithmetic
operations
 Examples :
5+6
21 – 6 + 7 * 4 / 2
 Evaluated according to priority level
(PRECEDENCE)
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Priority Level
Priority Operato
(PRECEDENCE)
Level r
1 (High) ( )
2 * / %
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3 (Low) + -
69

 Example :
(9–(3+2))*3
(9–5)*3
4*3
12
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Algebra Expression C Arithmetic Expression
14 – 5 + 6 14 – 5 + 6
16 – 8 16 – 8 / 2
2
15 + 5 + 7 ( 15 + 5 + 7 ) / 2
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2
71

 Example:
Arithmetic Expression C Expression
4+2x3-(5÷ 4 + 2 * 3 – (5 /
2) 2)
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X3 + 5 mod 2 X^3+5%2
DIRECT CALCULATION EXAMPLE

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
main()
{
int jumlah;
jumlah = 4+9;
printf(“jumlah ialah:%d”,jumlah);
printf (“\n”);
getch();
return 0;
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}

INPUT CALCULATION EXAMPLE

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
main()
{
int no1, no2 ,jumlah;
printf(“masukkan no 1 :”);
printf(“\nmasukkan no 2 :”);
jumlah = no1 + no2;
printf(“\nJumlah ialah :%d”,jumlah);
getch();
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return 0;
}

Relational Operators

A comparison of 2
values or expressions
producing a value
which is
true @ false
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If TRUE = 1 , FALSE = 0
Operator Meaning Expressi Valu
on e
< Less Than 6<9 1
<= Less Than or Equal 5 <= 5 1
To
> Greater Than 2>6 0
>= More Than or 9 >= 5 1
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Equal To
== Equal To 7 == 5 0

If x=4, y=7, what is the result for:
Symbol Operator Comparison
== Equal to false ? x == y
> Greater than true ? y > x
< Less than true ?x<y
!= Not equal to true ? y != x
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<= Less than or equal to true ? x <= y
>= More than or equal tofalse ? x >= 5
Logical Operators

 To test 2 conditions that will give you
a value either true or false.
 The results based on the Truth Table
 3 types of logical operators :
 NOT (!)
 AND (&&)
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 OR (||)
Logical Operators

 NOT Operator - !
Conditio NOT
n1
1 0
0 1
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Logical Operators

 AND Operator - &&
Condition Condition AND

1 2
1 1 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
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0 0 0
80
Logical Operators

 OR Operator - ||
Condition Condition OR
1 2
1 1 1
1 0 1
0 1 1
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0 0 0
81
Logical Operators

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.>
main ()
{
int markah, hadir;
printf( "sila masukkan markah : “);

scanf (“%d”,&markah);
printf( "sila masukkan kehadiran : “);

scanf(“%d”,&hadir);
if (markah >= 50 && hadir >= 80)

printf( "layak“);
else
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printf( "tak layak“);
getch();
return 0;
}
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Unary Operators

A unary operator is an
operator, which operates on
one operand. i.e. it operates on
itself.
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Unary Operators : Increment &
Decrement

A unique operator  need ONE operand
only
Symb Meaning Expressio Value
ol n
++ Increment i++ i = i + 1
1
-- Decrement i-- i = i – 1
1
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84
Decrement

 TWO types of increment & decrement operator:
◦ Prefix (before)
◦ Postfix (after)
Expressi Meaning
on
i++ Add the value of i after used in the
expression
Programme
++i Add the value of i before used in the
expression
i-- Minus the value of i after used in the 85
Quiz
Decrement

* Postfix Example :
1. i = 5; i 5 j
j = i++ - 2;
i 5 3 j
i 6 3 j
* Prefix Example :
i 5 j
2. i = 5;
Programme
j = ++i – 2; i 6 j
Click the i 6
Quiz button on iSpring Pro 4 j
toolbar to edit your quiz
3.3 Apply the fundamentals of C
Programming
87
1. Click Dev C++
icon
2. To create a source file
File  New  Source File

Programming
88
Programming
89
3. Type the program
4. Compiling the program

Programming
4. Execute the program

Output :
Programming
A memory location showing
 Adding Two Integers : the name of variable
integer1 ?
integer2 ?

sum ?
Programming
 Adding Two Integers :
Output :

Programming
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
main( )
{
int a, b, c, jum ;
printf("Selamat Datang.");
printf("\nAturcara ini menjumlahkan 3 nombor.");
printf("\nMasukkan 3 nombor dalam bentuk: nnn nnn nnn
<enter>");
scanf("%d%d%d",&a,&b,&c);
jum = a + b + c;
printf("\nJumlah adalah:%d",jum);
printf("\nTerima kasih. ");
Programme
getch(); the name of variable
return 0;
? ? ? ?
}
a b c jum
Selamat Datang._

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
main( )
{
int a, b, c, jum ;
<enter>");
jum = a + b + c;
Programme
return 0;
? ? ? ?
}
a b c jum
Selamat Datang.
Aturcara ini menjumlahkan 3 nombor. _

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
main( )
{
int a, b, c, jum ;
printf("\nAturcara ini menjumlahkan 3 nombor. ");
<enter>");
jum = a + b + c;
Programme
return 0;
? ? ? ?
}
a b c jum
Selamat Datang.
Aturcara ini menjumlahkan 3 nombor.
Masukkan 3 nombor dalam bentuk: nnn nnn nnn <enter> _

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
main( )
{
int a, b, c, jum ;
<enter>");
jum = a + b + c;
Programme
return 0;
? ? ? ?
}
a b c jum
Selamat Datang.
Masukkan 3 nombor dalam bentuk: nnn nnn nnn <enter> 10 20 30 _

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
main( )
{
int a, b, c, jum ;
<enter>");
jum = a + b + c;
Programme
getch(); the name & value of variable
return 0;
10 20 30 ?
}
a b c jum
Selamat Datang.
Masukkan 3 nombor dalam bentuk: nnn nnn nnn <enter> 10 20 30 _

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
main( )
{
int a, b, c, jum ;
<enter>");
jum = a + b + c;
printf("\nTerima kasih.");
Programme
return 0;
10 20 30 60
}
a b c jum
Selamat Datang.
Masukkan 3 nombor dalam bentuk: nnn nnn nnn <enter> 10 20 30
Jumlah adalah: 60 _

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
main( )
{
int a, b, c, jum ;
<enter>");
jum = a + b + c;
Programme
return 0;
10 20 30 60
}
a b c jum
Selamat Datang.
Masukkan 3 nombor dalam bentuk: nnn nnn nnn <enter> 10 20 30
Jumlah adalah: 60

#include <stdio.h> Terima kasih_
#include <conio.h>
main( )
{
int a, b, c, jum ;
<enter>");
jum = a + b + c;
Programme
return 0;
10 20 30 60
}
a b c jum
Mathematic operations,

relational and logical can
be combined in an
expression
Programming
Example :

Assume that a=2, b=5, c=15, d=17
1. (a >= 1) && (b == 5)
 (2 >= 1) && (5 == 5)
 1 && 1
 1
2. ! (c > a)
Programming
 ! (15 > 2)
 ! 1
 0
103
Example :
Assume that a=2, b=5, c=15, d=17

3. (c >= (a * 3) ) || (a == 3)
 (15 >= (2 * 3) ) || (2 == 3)
 (15 >= 6 ) || 0
 1 || 0
 1
Programming
4. ! ( (a < b) || (c > d ) )
 ! ( (2 < 5) || (15 > 17) )
!( 1 || 0 )
! 1

DEC2012 - FUNDAMENTAL PROGRAMMING 0 104

Course Learning Outcome (Clo) : CLO1 (Apply Knowledge of Basic Concepts and Fundamentals of

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FUNDAMENTALS

2.1 Know the Variables, Constants

1. Source Character Set

and Data Types

2.1 Know the Variables, Constants

and Data Types

2.1 Know the Variables, Constants

and Data Types

2.1 Know the Variables, Constants

and Data Types

2.1 Know the Variables, Constants

and Data Types

2.1 Know the Variables, Constants

Syntax : int variable_name; bilangan

and Data Types

2.1 Know the Variables, Constants

Example : char huruf;

and Data Types

2.1 Know the Variables, Constants

and Data Types

2.1 Know the Variables, Constants

and Data Types

2.1 Know the Variables, Constants

and Data Types

2.1 Know the Variables, Constants

and Data Types

2.1 Know the Variables, Constants

and Data Types

2.2 Understand The Fundamentals Of C

Gross_Pay Gross pay

2.2 Understand The Fundamentals Of C

2.2 Understand The Fundamentals Of C

3.2 Understand The Fundamentals Of C

printf(" Sila masukkan nombor kegemaran : “);

3.2 Understand The Fundamentals Of C

2.2 Understand The Fundamentals Of C

2.2 Understand The Fundamentals Of C

2.2 Understand The Fundamentals Of C

panjang luas isipadu

2.2 Understand The Fundamentals Of C

panjang luas isipadu

2.2 Understand The Fundamentals Of C

There are four classes of constants in C which will

2.2 Understand The Fundamentals Of C

2.2 Understand The Fundamentals Of C

 Scientific form is written in C as 0.2035E+2 or 0.2035e+2.

2.2 Understand The Fundamentals Of C

2.2 Understand The Fundamentals Of C

2.2 Understand The Fundamentals Of C

3.2 Understand The Fundamentals Of C

2.2 Understand The Fundamentals Of C

2.2 Understand The Fundamentals Of C

2.2 Understand The Fundamentals Of C

printf(“Politeknik Port Dickson”);

Politeknik Port Dickson

2.2 Understand The Fundamentals Of C

printf(“Here is an integer : %d \n”, 5);

2.2 Understand The Fundamentals Of C

2.2 Understand The Fundamentals Of C