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The Cell

ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL

 What Cells Do
Cells are the basic units of all living things.
Cells make up bones, muscles, skin, and blood.
Cells make up leaves, roots, stems, and flowers.
As the organism grows, the cells must
reproduce.
Cell reproduction is called mitosis.
Animal Cell
Reproduction
(Mitosis)

Plant Cell
Reproduction
(Mitosis)
 DNA
DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid.

DNA carries the genetic

information in the cell – i.e. it
carries the instructions for
making all the structures
and materials the body
needs to function.

DNA is capable of self-

replication.
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 DNA Replication
DNA must be
copied or Original DNA
strand
replicated
before cell
division Two new,
identical DNA
Each new cell strands
will then have an
identical copy of
the DNA

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Identical Daughter Cells

Two
identical
daughter
cells

Parent Cell

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Chromosomes

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 Prokaryotic Chromosome
 The DNA of
prokaryotes
(bacteria) is one,
circular
chromosome
attached to the
inside of the cell
membrane

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 Eukaryotic Chromosomes
All eukaryotic cells store genetic
information in chromosomes
 Most eukaryotes have between 10 and
50 chromosomes in their body cells
 Human body cells have 46 chromosomes
or 23 identical pairs

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 Eukaryotic Chromosomes
Each chromosome is composed of a
single, tightly coiled DNA molecule
Chromosomes can’t be seen when
cells aren’t dividing and are called
chromatin

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 Compacting DNA into
Chromosomes
DNA is
tightly
coiled
around
proteins
called
histones

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Chromosomes in Dividing Cells
Duplicated
chromosomes are
called
chromatids &
are held
together by the
centromere

Called Sister Chromatids 13

 Boy or Girl?
The Y Chromosome Decides

Y - Chromosome

X - Chromosome
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The Cell
Cycle
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Five Phases of the Cell Cycle
G1 - primary growth phase
S – synthesis; DNA replicated
G2 - secondary growth phase
collectively these 3 stages are
called interphase
M - mitosis
C - cytokinesis

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Cell Cycle

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Interphase - G1 Stage

1st growth stage after cell

division
Cells mature by making more
cytoplasm & organelles
Cell carries on its normal
metabolic activities

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 Interphase – S Stage
Synthesis stage
DNA is copied or replicated

Two
identical
copies
of DNA

Original
DNA
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 Interphase – G2 Stage
2nd Growth Stage
Occurs after DNA has been copied
All cell structures needed for
division are made (e.g. centrioles)
Both organelles & proteins are
synthesized

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What’s Happening in Interphase?

What the cell looks like

Animal Cell

What’s occurring

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 Sketch the Cell Cycle

DNA Copied
Cells prepare for
Cells Division
Mature

Daughter
Cells
Cell Divides into
Identical cells
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Mitosis

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 Mitosis
Division of the
nucleus
Also called
karyokinesis
Only occurs in
eukaryotes
Has four stages
Doesn’t occur in
some cells such
as brain cells
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 Four Mitotic Stages

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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 Early Prophase
Chromatin in nucleus condenses to
form visible chromosomes
Mitotic spindle forms from fibers in
cytoskeleton or centrioles (animal)

Nucleolus Cytoplasm

Nuclear Membrane
Chromosomes

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 Late Prophase
Nuclear membrane & nucleolus are
broken down
Chromosomes continue condensing &
are clearly visible
Spindle fibers called kinetochores
attach to the centromere of each
chromosome
Spindle finishes forming between the
poles of the cell
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 Late Prophase

Chromosomes

Nucleus & Nucleolus have disintegrated

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 Spindle Fiber attached to
Chromosome

Kinetochore Fiber

Chromosome
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 Review of Prophase

What the cell

looks like

What’s happening 30
 Spindle Fibers
The mitotic spindle form from the
microtubules in plants and centrioles
in animal cells
Polar fibers extend from one pole of
the cell to the opposite pole
Kinetochore fibers extend from the
pole to the centromere of the
chromosome to which they attach
Asters are short fibers radiating
from centrioles
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Sketch The Spindle

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 Metaphase
Chromosomes, attached to the
kinetochore fibers, move to the center
of the cell
Chromosomes are now lined up at the
equator Equator of Cell

Pole of
the Cell

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 Metaphase

Asters at
the poles

Spindle Chromosomes
Fibers lined at the
Equator

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 Metaphase

Aster

Chromosomes at Equator
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 Review of Metaphase

What the cell looks

like

What’s
occurring
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 Anaphase
Occurs rapidly
Sister
chromatids are
pulled apart to
opposite poles
of the cell by
kinetochore
fibers

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 Anaphase

Sister
Chromatids
being
separated

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 Anaphase Review

What the
cell looks
like

What’s
occurring

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 Telophase
Sister chromatids at opposite
poles
Spindle disassembles
Nuclear envelope forms around
each set of sister chromatids
Nucleolus reappears
CYTOKINESIS occurs
Chromosomes reappear as
chromatin

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Comparison of Anaphase & Telophase

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 Cytokinesis
Means division of the cytoplasm
Division of cell into two,
identical halves called daughter
cells
In plant cells, cell plate forms
at the equator to divide cell
In animal cells, cleavage furrow
forms to split cell

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 Cytokinesis
Cleavage furrow Cell plate in
in animal cell animal cell

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Mitotic Stages

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 Daughter Cells of Mitosis
Have the same number of
chromosomes as each other and as
the parent cell from which they
were formed
Identical to each other, but smaller
than parent cell
Must grow in size to become mature
cells (G1 of Interphase)

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Identical Daughter Cells

What is
the 2n
or
diploid
number?
2

Chromosome number the same, but cells

smaller than parent cell
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Review
of
Mitosis

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Draw & Learn these Stages

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Draw & Learn these Stages

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 Name the Mitotic Stages:
Interphase

Name this?

Prophase
Telophase

Name this?

Metaphase
Anaphase

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 Eukaryotic Cell Division
 Used for growth and repair
 Produce two new cells
identical to the original cell
 Cells are diploid (2n)
Chromosomes during
Metaphase of mitosis

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis

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 Mitosis Animation
Name each stage as you see it occur?

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Mitosis in Onion Root Tips
Do you see any stages of mitosis?

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Test Yourself
over Mitosis

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Mitosis Quiz

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Mitosis Quiz

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Name the Stages of Mitosis:
Early prophase
Early Anaphase Metaphase

Interphase Early
Telophase,
Begin
cytokinesis

Late Late telophase,

Prophase Advanced Mid-Prophase Late
cytokinesis Anaphase
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 Identify the Stages
?
Early, Middle, & Late Prophase

? ? ?
Late Prophase Metaphase Anaphase

? ? ?
Late Anaphase Telophase Telophase &
Cytokinesis 58
 Locate the Four Mitotic
Stages in Plants

Anaphase
Telophase
Metaphase

Prophase

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 Uncontrolled Mitosis
 If mitosis is not
controlled, unlimited
cell division occurs
causing cancerous
tumors
 Oncogenes are special
proteins that
increase the chance
that a normal cell
develops into a tumor
cell
Cancer cells
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 Meiosis
Formation of Gametes
(Eggs & Sperm)

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 Facts About Meiosis
Preceded by interphase which
includes chromosome replication
Two meiotic divisions --- Meiosis
I and Meiosis II
Called Reduction- division
Original cell is diploid (2n)
Four daughter cells produced that
are monoploid (1n)
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 Facts About Meiosis
Daughter cells contain half the
number of chromosomes as the
original cell
Produces gametes (eggs & sperm)
Occurs in the testes in males
(Spermatogenesis)
Occurs in the ovaries in females
(Oogenesis)

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 More Meiosis Facts
 Start with 46 double stranded
chromosomes (2n)
After 1 division - 23 double
stranded chromosomes (n)
After 2nd division - 23 single
stranded chromosomes (n)
  Occurs in our germ cells that

produce gametes

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Why Do we Need Meiosis?
It is the fundamental basis of
sexual reproduction
Two haploid (1n) gametes are
brought together through
fertilization to form a diploid
(2n) zygote

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Fertilization – “Putting it
all together”
2n = 6

1n =3

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 Replication of Chromosomes
 Replication is the
process of
duplicating a Occurs in
chromosome Interphase
 Occurs prior to
division
 Replicated copies
are called sister
chromatids
 Held together at
centromere
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 A Replicated Chromosome

Gene X

Homologs Sister
(same genes, Chromatids
different alleles) (same genes,
same alleles)

Homologs separate in meiosis I and

therefore different alleles separate.
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Meiosis Forms Haploid Gametes
 Meiosis must reduce the chromosome number by half
 Fertilization then restores the 2n number

from mom from dad child

too
much!

meiosis reduces
genetic content
The right
number!
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 Meiosis: Two Part Cell
Division
Sister
chromatids
Homologs separate
separate

Meiosis Meiosis
I II

Diploid
Diploid
Haploid
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 Meiosis I: Reduction Division

Nucleus Spindle
fibers Nuclear
Early envelope
Prophase I Late Metaphase
(Chromosome Prophase I Anaphase Telophase I
number I I (diploid)
doubled)

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 Prophase I

Early prophase Late prophase

Homologs pair. Chromosomes condense.
Crossing over Spindle forms.
occurs. Nuclear envelope
fragments.
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Tetrads Form in Prophase I

Homologous chromosomes Join to form a

(each with sister chromatids) TETRAD
 

Called Synapsis
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 Crossing-Over
 Homologous
chromosomes in
a tetrad cross
over each other
 Pieces of
chromosomes or
genes are
exchanged
 Produces
Genetic
recombination in
the offspring
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Homologous Chromosomes
During Crossing-Over

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 Crossing-Over

Crossing-over multiplies the already huge

number of different gamete types
produced by independent assortment 76
Metaphase I

Homologous pairs
of chromosomes
align along the
equator of the
cell

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Anaphase I

Homologs separate and

move to opposite poles.

Sister chromatids remain

attached at their
centromeres.

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Telophase I

Nuclear envelopes
reassemble.

Spindle disappears.

Cytokinesis divides cell

into two.

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 Meiosis II
Only one homolog of each
Gene X chromosome is present in
the cell.
cell
Sister chromatids carry
identical genetic
information.

Meiosis II produces gametes with

one copy of each chromosome and
thus one copy of each gene.
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 Meiosis II: Reducing
Chromosome Number

Prophase Metaphase
II II Telophase
Anaphase II 4 Identical
II haploid cells

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Prophase II

Nuclear envelope
fragments.

Spindle forms.

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Metaphase II

Chromosomes align
along equator of cell.

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 Anaphase II
Equator

Pole

Sister chromatids
separate and
move to opposite
poles.

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Telophase II

Nuclear envelope
assembles.

Chromosomes
decondense.

Spindle disappears.

Cytokinesis divides
cell into two.
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Results of Meiosis
Gametes (egg & sperm)
form

Four haploid cells with

one copy of each
chromosome

One allele of each gene

Different combinations of
alleles for different
genes along the
chromosome
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Gametogenesis
Oogenesis
or
Spermatogenesis

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 Spermatogenesis
 Occurs in the
testes
 Two divisions
produce 4
spermatids
 Spermatids mature
into sperm
 Men produce about
250,000,000
sperm per day
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Spermatogenesis in the
Testes
Spermatid

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Spermatogenesis

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 Oogenesis
Occurs in the ovaries
Two divisions produce 3 polar bodies
that die and 1 egg
Polar bodies die because of unequal
division of cytoplasm
Immature egg called oocyte
Starting at puberty, one oocyte
matures into an ovum (egg) every 28
days
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Oogenesis in the Ovaries

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 Oogenesis
First polar body
may divide a
(haploid) X
a Polar
bodies
X a
die
a X
X
Mitosis Meiosis I Meiosis II
A X (if fertilization
Oogonium occurs) A
(diploid) Primary
X
oocyte
A X Ovum (egg) Mature
(diploid)
Secondary A egg
oocyte X
(haploid) Second
polar body
(haploid)
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Comparing
Mitosis and
Meiosis

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 Comparison of Divisions
Mitosis Meiosis
Number of 2
1
divisions
Number of
2 4
daughter cells
Genetically
Yes No
identical?
Chromosome # Same as parent Half of parent
Where Somatic cells Germ cells
When Throughout life At sexual maturity
Growth and
Role Sexual reproduction
repair 95
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