Calculation

Calculations
Problem 1
• SOLUBLE AND SUSPENDED BOD5 IN PLANT
EFFLUENT An activated sludge plant is producing
effluent that has TSS and total BOD5
concentrations of 10 and 15 mg/L, respectively.
Calculate suspended and soluble BOD5 in the
effluent. Assume (a) biodegradable fraction in
TSS is 0.65, (b) each g of biodegradable fraction
of organic matter exerts 1.42 g ultimate BOD (L0),
• and (c) ratio of BOD5 to L0 is 0.68.
Prob 2
• BOD5 EXERTED BY WASTE ACTIVATED SLUDGE
• An anaerobic digester receives 1200 kg/d
waste activated sludge (TSS). Calculate BOD5
(kg/d) reaching the digester. Use the following
information.
• Biodegradable solids = 0.64 x Biomass
• Ultimate BOD, L0 = 1.42 x Biodegradable solids
• BOD5 = 0.68 L0
Nitrogenous Oxygen Demand
Typical BOD curve for domestic wastewater showing carbonaceous and nitrogenous
oxygen demands.
Prob 3
• CARBONACEOUS AND NITROGENOUS OXYGEN
DEMAND
• An organic waste sample has molecular
formula C5H7O2N. Its concentration in a waste
stream is 250 mg/L. Calculate carbonaceous,
nitrogenous, and ultimate oxygen demands in
mg/L.
Prob 4
• COD DETERMINATION
• COD test was conducted on a wastewater sample. Ten milliliters
sample, 6-mL potassium dichromate solution, and 14 mL of
sulfuric acid digestion reagent were mixed in a flask. A blank was
prepared with 10 mL distilled water, and all other reagents in
same amounts as in the sample. The sample and blank flasks
were refluxed for 2 h. After cooling to room temperature, the
prepared samples were titrated with 0.1M ferrous ammonium
sulfate (FAS) titrant using ferroin indicator. The endpoint was
reached by sharp color change from blue-green to reddish
brown. Amounts of FAS standard used for blank and sample
were 9.1 and 3.8 mL. Determine the COD of the sample in mg/L.
Prob 5
• RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COD AND BOD5 OF
RAW MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER
• BOD5 and COD tests were conducted on 10
samples of same raw wastewater obtained on
different days. The results are summarized
below. Determine the COD/BOD5 ratio and
comment on result
Prob 6
• RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BOD5 AND COD TESTS OF SECONDARY
EFFLUENT
• Secondary effluent contains low biodegradable and high
nonbiodegradable organic matters. As a result, the BOD is low while
COD is high, and COD to BOD5 ratio is also high. A secondary
wastewater treatment plant is achieving nitrification. Six samples of
well-nitrified effluent on different dates were analyzed for total
BOD5 and COD. The results are summarized below. Develop a
statistical linear relationship and ratio of COD and BOD5. Comment
on COD value in the effluent when BOD5 is very low. Also, compare
the COD to BOD5 ratios in influent (Example 5) and effluent.
Prob 7
• CALCULATION OF ThOD, ThOC, AND
ThOD/ThOC RATIO
• An industrial waste stream contains 54 mg/L
glycine (CH2(NH2)COOH). Calculate ThOD,
ThOC, and ThOD/ThOC ratio.
INORGANIC PRIORITY POLLUTANTS
• The inorganic priority pollutants are 13 toxic

metals and nonmetals, fibrous asbestos, and
total cyanide.
• The nonmetals and metals are antimony,
arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium,
copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, silver,
thallium, and zinc.
EXAMPLES OF ORGANIC PRIORITY POLLUTANTS
• The 114 representative priority organic compounds

can be subdivided into aliphatics (36), aromatics
(59), and pesticides (19). Approximately 30 of these
organic compounds can be considered volatile, and
69 contain chlorine.
• Examples of common organic priority pollutants
are: benzene, carbon tetrachloride, dichloroethane,
vinyl chloride, bromoform, aldrin, dieldrin,
polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), and many more.
Toxicity and Biomonitoring
• On March 9, 1984, the U.S. EPA published a new national policy

based on 1972 Clean Water Act, prohibiting the discharge of toxic
pollutants in toxic amounts into natural waters. As a result of these
guidelines,
• toxicity tests have been instituted to
• (1) assess the toxicity of wastewater effluent to natural aquatic life,
• (2) assess effectiveness and degree of wastewater treatment to
meet water pollution control requirements,
• and
• (3) determine compliance with federal and state water quality
standards and water quality criteria associated with NPDES
permits.
Toxicity Test
• Biomonitoring requires appropriate bioassay organisms to determine the level of

toxicity in the effluent.
• The tests are run in effluent samples with varying degrees of dilution, and records are
kept on observations of death, deformities, reproduction, and growth of test
organisms. The tests may be short term, intermediate, and/or long term. The test may
also be static, recirculation, renewal, or flow-through. Common freshwater species are
Ceriodaphnia dubia (water flea, daphnid shrimp), and Pimephales promelas (fathead
minnow).
• The marine organisms included in the biomonitoring are Champia parvula (the red
algae), Mysidopsis bahia (the mysid shrimp), Menidia beryllina (the island silversides),
and Cyrinidon variegalus (the sheephead minnow). The biomonitoring protocols have
been published and commented on extensively in the literature.
• The results of acute toxicity tests are reported in 48 or 96 h. The LC50 is the
concentration of effluent in dilution water that causes 50% mortality of the test
organisms. The chronic toxicity is measured over a long period or generations. The
results are based on mortality, reduced growth, or reproduction behavior.
Toxicity Test Evaluation
• Toxicity test results are expressed in terms of

toxic units (TU)
• TU Acute (TUa) is the reciprocal of the effluent
dilution that causes the acute effect by the
end of the exposure period. This is expressed
by Equation
• TU Chronic (TUc) is the reciprocal of the
maximum effluent dilution that causes no
unacceptable effect on test organisms by the
end of the chronic exposure period that is
expressed by
• The acute toxicity criterion is based on the
Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), and
is expressed
The chronic toxicity criterion is based on the

Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC),
and is expressed
• Based on toxicity test evaluation, if the toxicity level is
found and verified, toxicity reduction evaluation (TRE)
is required. These studies involve toxicity investigation
examination (TIE) and effluent toxicity treatability
(ETT). The objective is to determine the best method
to reduce or eliminate the toxicity of the effluent.
• The plan established by TIE or ETT is carried out under
corrective action. The plan may include process
modification, chemical change, construction, or
industrial pretreatment.
Prob 8
• TOXICITY TEST EVALUATION RESULTS
• A municipal wastewater treatment plant is discharging secondary
effluent into a river. The dilution received at the boundary of the
mixing zone at minimum 3-year dry weather flow condition is 50:1 (or
CID = 50). Acute toxicity tests and chronic toxicity tests were
conducted on three freshwater species to eliminate the effect of
sensitivities of test species to the plant effluent. The acute toxicity
tests were conducted over a 96-h period. The chronic toxicity tests
utilized a series of effluent dilutions in continuous flow-through
systems. Ceriodaphnia dubia was the test organism. The acute
toxicity LC50 was based on mortality, and the chronic endpoint was
measured on reduced reproduction and reported as NOEC. The test
results are summarized below. Determine the toxicity compliance.
Prob 9
• UNIT BOD5 AND TSS LOADINGS
• A municipal wastewater treatment plant
receives mostly residential wastewater. The
average wastewater flow is 440 Lpcd. The
average BOD5 and TSS concentrations are 220
and 240 mg/L. Calculate unit BOD5 and TSS
loadings as g/capita·d.

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• The inorganic priority pollutants are 13 toxic

• The 114 representative priority organic compounds

• On March 9, 1984, the U.S. EPA published a new national policy

• Biomonitoring requires appropriate bioassay organisms to determine the level of

• Toxicity test results are expressed in terms of

The chronic toxicity criterion is based on the

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