Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 19 views

    Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)

    Uploaded by

    Lyan Joy Palmes
    1) In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA using models based on X-ray crystallography data. 2) DNA is made up of nucleotides, each containing a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. The bases bond with each other to form base pairs between the two DNA strands. 3) Genetic information is stored in the sequence of nucleotides along the DNA strands, and is inherited from parents to offspring through DNA replication.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)

    Uploaded by

    Lyan Joy Palmes
    19 views13 pages
    1) In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA using models based on X-ray crystallography data. 2) DNA is made up of nucleotides, each containing a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. The bases bond with each other to form base pairs between the two DNA strands. 3) Genetic information is stored in the sequence of nucleotides along the DNA strands, and is inherited from parents to offspring through DNA replication.

    Original Title

    lecture_10_dna_4_0

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    1) In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA using models based on X-ray crystallography data. 2) DNA is made up of nucleotides, each containing a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. The bases bond with each other to form base pairs between the two DNA strands. 3) Genetic information is stored in the sequence of nucleotides along the DNA strands, and is inherited from parents to offspring through DNA replication.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    19 views13 pages

    Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)

    Uploaded by

    Lyan Joy Palmes
    1) In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA using models based on X-ray crystallography data. 2) DNA is made up of nucleotides, each containing a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. The bases bond with each other to form base pairs between the two DNA strands. 3) Genetic information is stored in the sequence of nucleotides along the DNA strands, and is inherited from parents to offspring through DNA replication.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 13

    Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)

    Watson and Crick discovered the double helix by building


    models to conform to X-ray data

    In April 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick shook the scientific world
    with an elegant double-helical model for the structure of deoxyribonucleic
    acid or DNA.
    Watson and Crick began to work on a model of DNA with two strands, the
    double helix.
    A gene is a small region in the DNA.

     Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information.


     There are two types of nucleic acids:
    1)- ribonucleic acid (RNA);
    2)- deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
     DNA also directs mRNA synthesis, thus, controls protein synthesis.
     Organisms inherit DNA from their parents.
    – Each DNA molecule is very long and usually consists of hundreds to
    thousands of genes.
    – When a cell divides, its DNA is copied and passed to the next generation
    of cells.
     The mRNA interacts with ribosomes to direct the synthesis of amino
    acids in a polypeptide (protein)
    Structures of nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)

    3 o5 Bases
    o P o
    o DNA Adenine
    Basenucleotide (A)
    Phosphate
    group
    5 CH2
    o Purine
    4 H H 1
    H
    H
    Guanine
    3 2H (G)
    o Deoxyribose
    o P o
    o
    Base Cytosine
    CH2 o (C) Pyrimidine
    H H
    H
    H Thymine
    3
    5 3 H
    (T)
    Sugar-phosphate backbone
    • The PO4 group of one
    nucleotide is attached
    to the sugar of the
    next nucleotide in
    line.

    • The result is a
    “backbone” of
    alternating
    phosphates and
    sugars, from which
    the bases starts.
    Fig. 16.3, Page 290
    Nitrogenous bases
    3 5
    Hydrogen bonds

    Cytosine Guanine
    Nitrogenous bases
    (C) (G)

    Thymine Adenine
    (T) (A)
    Uracil (U)
    Pyrimidines Purine
    5 3
    Sugar-phosphate
    backbones
    The nucleic acid strand is a polymer of nucleotides

     Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.

     Each nucleotide consists of three parts: a nitrogen base, a pentose


    sugar, and a phosphate group.

     The nitrogen bases (rings of carbon and nitrogen) come in two types:
    Purines and Pyrimidines.

     The pentose sugar joined to the nitrogen base is ribose in


    nucleotides of RNA and deoxyribose in DNA.

     The only difference between the sugars is the lack of an oxygen


    atom on carbon 2 in deoxyribose.
     Polynucleotides are synthesized by connecting the
    sugars of one nucleotide to the phosphate of the next
    with a phosphodiester link.

     This creates a repeating backbone of sugar-phosphate


    units with the nitrogen bases as appendages.

     The sequence of nitrogen bases along a DNA or mRNA


    polymer is unique for each gene.

     Genes are normally hundreds to thousands of


    nucleotides long.

     The linear order of bases in a gene specifies ‫ ُي حدد‬the


    order of amino acids (the monomers of a protein).
     An RNA molecule is single polynucleotide chain (single strand).
     DNA molecules have two polynucleotide strands (double strand) that spiral
    around to form a double helix.
     The sugar-phosphate
    backbones of the two
    polynucleotides are on
    the outside of the helix.

     Pairs of nitrogenous
    bases (one from each
    strand) connect the
    polynucleotide chains
    with hydrogen bonds.

     Most DNA molecules


    have thousands to
    millions of base pairs
    (bP).
    ribonucleic acid (RNA)

     a)- Messenger RNA (mRNA) is the blueprint for


    construction of a protein.

     b)- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the construction site


    where the protein is made in the ribosome.

     c)- Transfer RNA (tRNA) is the truck delivering the


    proper amino acid to the site at the right time.
    DNA RNA
    CH2 o CH2 o
    H H
    H H H
    H H
    H H
    OH
    Deoxyribose sugar Ribose sugar
    (O on C2 is missed) (no missed O)

    Deoxiribo-Nucleic-Acid Ribo-Nucleic-Acid

    Double stranded nucleic acid Single stranded nucleic acid

    Bases: A, G, C, T Bases: A, G, C, U
    Repeated Sugar - Phosphate DNA backbone
    Sugar–Phosphate-Base One nucleotide
    Polynucleotide
    DNA Molecule

    DNA Double stranded

    RNA single stranded

    DNA A G C T A T C

    mRNA T
    U C G A T
    U A G

    You might also like