Report 3: Design Of a Network

Presented By:
•Jad Nassif
•Mathieu Chamoun

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1-Communication Types

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 A. Request/Reply

Request/Reply Communication
Common technique for one application to request the
services of another.
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 Example of Request/Response
Communication in Online Banking

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 A. Request/Reply
Advantages Disadvantages

 centralised resources  a weak link

 improved security  Overloaded server
 Latency
 Lost message

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 B.Message Stream
• Setting up a stream between two processes across a network.
 Message Stream
• Setting up a stream directly between two devices.

2-35.2
 Message Stream
• An example of multicasting a stream to several receivers.
 Message Stream
Unicast Streaming Network Multicast Streaming Network

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•The 2 entities send a stream(flow) of messages
between each other where the receiver start
processing the received message before it is
completely delivered.
•Message stream ensures privacy and integrity of
the data.
•It supports multicasting to allow multiple parties
participating in teleconference.

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Example: streaming video(HULU.com), video
conferencing.

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 Advantages:
-Because the sequence number is included in each message
he receives, and is authenticated, each agent can be sure
that he has not missed any messages, nor received any
messages in an order other than that intended by the sender.

-Right order

Disadvantages:
-Can lose frames
-Server or client crash

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2-Channel Communication types

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A-Simplex
Communication
•data is transmitted in
only one direction.
•A terminal can only send
data and cannot receive
it or it can only receive
data but cannot send it.
•Simplex mode is usually
used for a remote device
that is meant only to
receive data.
•It is not possible to
confirm successful
transmission of data in
simplex mode.
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Example of television broadcasting

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 Advantage:
Cheapest communication method.

Disadvantage:
Only allows for communication in one direction,
so it is impossible to send back error or control
signals to the transmit end.

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B-Half Duplex
•data can be transmitted
in both directions but
only in one direction at a
time.
•During any transmission,
one is the transmitter and
the other is receiver.
•each time for sending or
receiving data, direction
of data communication is
reversed
•transmission of data can
be confirmed.

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Example:talk-back radio (talkie-
walkie)

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 B- Half Duplex Communication
Advantages Disadvantages
• Costs less than full • Costs more than
duplex. simplex.
• Enables for two way • Only one device can
communications. transmit at a time.
• Enables to perform error • slow down data
detection and request the
transmission rate.
sender to retransmit
information that arrived
corrupted.

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C-Full Duplex
•data can be
transmitted in both
directions
simultaneously.
•faster mode for
transmitting data.
•no need to switch
from transmit to
receive mode like
in half duplex.

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Example: telephone set or mobile in which both the
users can talk and listen at the same time.

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 C-Full Duplex
Advantages Disadvantage
• Enables two-way • The most expensive
communication method in terms of
simultaneously. equipment because
• faster mode for of two bandwidth
transmitting data channels is required.

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3-Reliability in a Network

Reliability is often measured as a

probability of failure, or mean
time between failures.

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3-How to Ensure reliabilities in Network

To provide high reliability and performance,

networks must deal with:
• -Physical damage to the cables
• -Machine crashes and reboots
• -Memory limitations
• -Software bugs

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4-Failures in Computer Network

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 a. Bit Errors
• bit error  When a single transmission bit is
corrupted
• burst error  When several bits are corrupted
• error may be a conversion of 1 to 0 or a 0 to 1
• Bit errors occur due to Electromagnetic interference
• If the error cannot be corrected the entire packet of
data is discarded and request its retransmission.
• Example: original message 001011, the received
message 101001

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 b. Packet Loss
• Occurs when an entire packet is lost or discarded by
the network.
*** Reasons:
• uncorrectable error
• ‘congestion’ in the network when the buffer of a
switch or router is full
• buggy software
N.B: late arrival of a packet
Example: when the client doesn’t get a reply from the
server.
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 c. Link Failure
***Reasons:
• The physical link between nodes is cut
• Power failure
• Software Crashes
***Solutions:
• A backup circuit
• Example: Link between Node A and B is down,
therefore the traffic can’t get to B, and must find
another path not passing by B.
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 d. Node Failure
• Same reasons as for link failure…
***Solutions:
• -Setting up double switch nodes, such that when
one of them is down
• -Setting up protection paths that bypass the failed
node.
Example: A node failure can lead all the
communications of an area or a city to be totally
isolated from the remaining of the world.
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5-Synchronization techniques
- Asynchronous communication
- Synchronous communication

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 a.Asynchronous communication
• Separate timing channel
is not used
• Data is sent in small
packets of 10 or 11 bits, 8
of which constitute
message information
• A data packet begins with
a start bit and ends with
a parity bit and stop bit
• Example: real time chat

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 b-Synchronous communication
• Separate timing channels
are used to transmit data
• The timing channel
transmits clock pulses to
the receiver
• The transmitter tells the
receiver to read the data
channel via the clock
pulse, and the data channel
is not read again until the
next clock pulse arrives
• Example: instant messaging

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Note

In asynchronous transmission, we send

1 start bit (0) at the beginning and 1 or
more stop bits (1s) at the end of each
byte. There may be a gap between
each byte.

4.34
Note

Asynchronous here means

“asynchronous at the byte level,”
but the bits are still synchronized;
their durations are the same.

4.35
Figure 4.34 Asynchronous transmission

4.36
Note

In synchronous transmission, we send

bits one after another without start or
stop bits or gaps. It is the responsibility
of the receiver to group the bits.

4.37
Figure 4.35 Synchronous transmission

4.38
 6-Multiplexing techniques
• Multiplexing methods are created by some
telephone companies to put many
conversations over a single line.
• We are going to discuss these methods:
- Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
- Wave-length Division Multiplexing (WDM)
- Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
- Statistical Multiplexing(STDM)
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A-Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
• It’s an analog technique
where each communication
channel is is assigned a
carrier frequency.
• A guard-band would be
used to separate the
channels and to ensure that
the channels do not
interfere with each other.
• Example: TV cable, Radio
station

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B-Wave-length Division Multiplexing (WDM)

• It’s a variation of the FDM

at high frequencies, and it’s
used over the optical fiber
cables.
• The fibers are combined
onto a single shared fiber
for transmission to a
distant destination.
• At the end, wavelengths are
split up over as many fibers
as they were on the input.

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 C-Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
• Selects each channel for a
very short time, then goes
on to the next channel
whether the terminal is
being used or not.
• The users take turns
according to a policy (round-
robbin).
• Example: An example of
TDM is a station that has
two logical subchannels:
music and advertising. These
two alternate in time on the
same frequency. First, a
short period of music, then a
short period of advertising. 44
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 D-Statistical Multiplexing(STDM)
• Statistical Time Division
Multiplexing uses intelligent
devices that are capable of
identifying when a terminal
is idle.
• Allocate time only to lines
when required.
• More lines can be
connected to a transmission
medium because this device
statistically compensates for
normal idle time (in data
communication lines).

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