Business Maths - BBA - 1yr - Unit 3

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
UNIT 3 – ELEMANTARY MATRIX
DR. RAJESH CHABA

TOPICS
 Matrix
• Meaning and Definition
• Types of Matrix
• Basic operations on Matrices
• Transpose of Matrix
 Determinants
 Minors and co-factors

 Adjunct and Inverse of Matrix
Definition of Matrix
 A matrix is an array of real numbers (or other suitable
elements) arranged in row and columns. Consider a set of real
numbers m and n. When multiplied together we get m x n or
mn. These can be used to define a matrix.
 Row: Chain of horizontal elements is called row.
 Column: Chain of vertical element is called column.
Types of matrix
1) Row Matrix or Row Vector – A matrix having only one row

is known as a row matrix or a row vector. It is in the form (1xn).
Example –
2) Column Matrix or Column Vector – This is a type of

Matrix which has only one column. It is in the form (m x 1).
Example –
Continue..
3) Zero or Null Matrix – This is a type of Matrix whose every

element is zero. It is usually denoted by bold face zero (0).
Example –
4) Diagonal Matrix – Some matrix are such that all their

elements are zero apart from the diagonal extending from the
upper left hand corner to the lower right hand corner. These are
known as diagonal matrix. Examples are –
Continue..
5) Square Matrix – In this matrix, the number of rows and
columns are the same. Examples –
6) Unit or Identity Matrix – This is a type of matrix where

diagonal elements have values of 1. A unit matrix is usually
denoted by bold face (I). Examples of unit matrix are as follows
–
Continue..
7) Scalar Matrix – This is a diagonal matrix whose diagonal

elements are all equal. See examples given below –
8) Upper Triangular Matrix – A square matrix in which every

element below the principal diagonal are zero is known as an
upper triangular matrix. Examples –
Continue..
9) Lower Triangular Matrix – A square matrix in which every
element above the principal diagonal are zero is known as the
lower triangular matrix. Examples –
Continue..
10) Transpose Matrix – A matrix obtained by interchanging the row
and columns of a matrix is called transpose of A and is denoted by AT
or A’. Example given below –
11) Singular Matrix - A square matrix is called singular matrix if

the value of the determinant (which is made by same elements of
given matrix) is zero. Example given below
Addition of Matrices
Two matrices may be added only if they have the same

dimension; that is, they must have the same number of rows and
columns. Addition is accomplished by adding corresponding
elements.
Subtraction of matrices
Two matrices may be added or subtracted only if they have the

same dimension; that is, they must have the same number of
rows and columns. Subtraction is accomplished by subtracting
corresponding elements.
Multiplication of Matrix by Scalar or Constant
 Let A be any m x n matrix. The matrix of order m x n whose

elements are ‘k’ times the corresponding elements of the
matrix A is denoted by kA and is called a scalar product of a
matrix, where ‘k’ is a scalar. In other words:-
 Let k be a scalar and A be a matrix. Then the product of k
and A written as kA, is the matrix obtained by multiplying
each element of A by k.
 Other Properties:
 kA = Ak K0 = o
 k (A + B) = kA + kB kA = - A, if k = -1
 k (A – B) = kA - kB
Multiplication of two matrix
 The generalized form of matrix multiplication is to multiply a matrix A by a
second matrix B (with A on the left and B on the right) producing a third
matrix C. However, this operation is only defined if the number of
columns of the first matrix A is the same as the number of rows of the
second matrix B.
 In such a case, matrices A and B are said to be conforming matrices. The
result of multiplying two conforming matrices A * B is a new matrix C
which has the same number of rows as A and the same number of
columns as C.
 That is, if A is an m x p matrix (i.e, has “m” rows and “p” columns), and B
is a p x n matrix (“p” rows and “n” columns), then the product A*B
produces a new matrix C which is m x n. Further, each element of (i,j) of C
is the scalar value produced by the inner product of the ith row of A with
the jth column of B.
Continue..
For example, multiplying the following 2 x 3 matrix
A by the 3 x 4 matrix B produces the 2 x 4 matrix C
as shown:
DETERMINANTS
Video Link
Concept of Elementary Matrix

http://youtube.com/watch?v=JMjbPh1Mjn8
THANK YOU

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BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

UNIT 3 – ELEMANTARY MATRIX

DR. RAJESH CHABA

 Minors and co-factors

1) Row Matrix or Row Vector – A matrix having only one row

2) Column Matrix or Column Vector – This is a type of

3) Zero or Null Matrix – This is a type of Matrix whose every

4) Diagonal Matrix – Some matrix are such that all their

6) Unit or Identity Matrix – This is a type of matrix where

7) Scalar Matrix – This is a diagonal matrix whose diagonal

8) Upper Triangular Matrix – A square matrix in which every

11) Singular Matrix - A square matrix is called singular matrix if

Two matrices may be added only if they have the same

Two matrices may be added or subtracted only if they have the

 Let A be any m x n matrix. The matrix of order m x n whose

Concept of Elementary Matrix

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