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    CHAP. 1:: Exception Handling in Python

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    GAME DEV MONISH. R
    This document discusses exception handling in Python. It defines different types of errors like syntax errors, semantic errors, type errors, runtime errors, and logical errors. It explains how exceptions are raised and handled in Python using try, except, else and finally blocks. The try block contains code that may raise exceptions, except blocks handle specific exceptions, else runs if no exception occurs, and finally always executes. Built-in exceptions like ValueError, ZeroDivisionError are also covered.

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    CHAP. 1:: Exception Handling in Python

    Uploaded by

    GAME DEV MONISH. R
    56 views42 pages
    This document discusses exception handling in Python. It defines different types of errors like syntax errors, semantic errors, type errors, runtime errors, and logical errors. It explains how exceptions are raised and handled in Python using try, except, else and finally blocks. The try block contains code that may raise exceptions, except blocks handle specific exceptions, else runs if no exception occurs, and finally always executes. Built-in exceptions like ValueError, ZeroDivisionError are also covered.

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    This document discusses exception handling in Python. It defines different types of errors like syntax errors, semantic errors, type errors, runtime errors, and logical errors. It explains how exceptions are raised and handled in Python using try, except, else and finally blocks. The try block contains code that may raise exceptions, except blocks handle specific exceptions, else runs if no exception occurs, and finally always executes. Built-in exceptions like ValueError, ZeroDivisionError are also covered.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    56 views42 pages

    CHAP. 1:: Exception Handling in Python

    Uploaded by

    GAME DEV MONISH. R
    This document discusses exception handling in Python. It defines different types of errors like syntax errors, semantic errors, type errors, runtime errors, and logical errors. It explains how exceptions are raised and handled in Python using try, except, else and finally blocks. The try block contains code that may raise exceptions, except blocks handle specific exceptions, else runs if no exception occurs, and finally always executes. Built-in exceptions like ValueError, ZeroDivisionError are also covered.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 42

    CHAP.

    1 :

    EXCEPTION HANDLING IN
    PYTHON
    Exception or ERROR

    Error is a abnormal condition


    whenever it occurs execution of the
    program is stopped.

    An error is a term used to describe


    any issue that arises unexpectedly that
    cause a computer to not function properly.
    Computers can encounter either software
    errors or hardware errors.
    ERRORS

    Errors are mainly classified into following types.


    •
    1. Syntax Errors

    2. Semantic Errors

    3. TypeErrors

    4. Run Time Errors.

    5. Logical Errors.
    1. Syntax Errors

    Syntax errors refer to formal


    rules governing the construction of valid
    statements in a language.

    Syntax errors occur when rules


    of a programming language are misused
    i.e., when a grammatical rule of the
    language is violated.
    1. Syntax Errors

    For instance in the following program


    segment,
    def main() : (Colon) Missing
    a=10
    b=3
    print(“ Sum is “,a+b

    ) Missing
    2. Semantic Errors
    Semantics error occur when statements
    are not meaningful
    Semantics refers to the set of rules
    which give the meaning of the
    statement.
    For example,
    Rama plays Guitar
    This statement is syntactically
    and semantically correct and it has
    some meaning.
    2. Semantic Errors
    See the following statement,
    Guitar plays Rama
    is syntactically correct (syntax is correct) but
    semantically incorrect. Similarly, there are
    semantics rules of programming language,
    violation of which results in semantical
    errors.
    X*Y=Z
    will result in semantical error as
    expression can not ancome on the left side
    of an assignment statement.
    3. Type Error
    Data in Pythpn has an associated data
    type. The value 7, for instance, is an
    integer and ‘a’ is a character constant
    “Hi” is a string. If a function is given
    wrong type of data, then Type Error is
    assigned by compiler
    For Example :
    >>a=“Hi”;
    >>a**2
    This will
    result in
    3. Type Error
    4. Run Time Errors.
    A Run time error is that during
    occurs
    execution of the program.It
    because is of some illegal caused
    place. operation taking
    For example
    1.If a program is trying to open a file which
    does not exists or it could not be
    opened(meaning file is corrupted), results
    into an execution error.
    2.An expression is trying to divide a number
    by zero are RUN TIME ERRORS.
    5. Logical Errors.
    • A Logical Error is that error which is
    causes a program to produce incorrect
    or undesired output.
    for instance,
    ctr=1;
    while(ctr>10)
    print(n *ctr)
    ctr=ctr+1;
    Exceptions
    Exceptions
    What is an exception?

    Even if a statement or expression is


    syntactically correct, it may cause an error
    when an attempt is made to execute it.
    Errors detected during execution are
    called exceptions
    Exceptions

    For Example
    Built-in exceptions
    Commonly occurring exceptions defined
    in the compiler/interpreter.
    Built-in exceptions in Python

    Syntax Error:
    It is raised when there is an error in the syntax of
    the Python code.

    Keyboard Interrupt:
    It is raised when the user accidentally hits the
    Delete or Esc key while executing a program due to
    which the normal flow of the program is interrupted.
    FileNotFound Error
    If the file cannot be found.

    Module not found error


    If python cannot find the module.

    ValueError
    Raised when a built-in operation or function
    receives an argument that has the right type but
    an inappropriate value.
    EOF Error:
    It is raised when the end of file condition is
    reached without reading any data by input().

    Zero Division Error:


    It is raised when the denominator in a
    division operation is zero.

    Index Error:
    It is raised when the index or subscript in
    a sequence is out of range.

    Name Error:
    It is raised when a local or global variable
    name is not defined.
    Indentation Error:
    It is raised due to incorrect indentation in
    the program code.

    Type Error:
    It is raised when an operator is supplied
    with a value of incorrect data type.

    Over Flow Error:


    It is raised when the result of a
    calculation exceeds the maximum limit for
    numeric data type
    Raising Exceptions:
     Each time an error is detected in a program, the Python
    interpreter raises (throws) an exception.

     Once an exception is raised, no further statement in the


    current block of code is executed which means interrupting
    the normal flow execution of program and jumping to that
    part of the program (exception handler code) which is written
    to handle such exceptional situations.

     Programmers can also forcefully raise exceptions in a program


    using the raise and assert statements.
    The raise Statement
     used to throw an exception

    Syntax:
    raise exception-name[(optional argument)]

     argument is generally a string that is displayed when


    the exception is raised

     The error detected may be a built-in exception or


    may be a user-defined one
    Examples
    The assert Statement
     is used to test an expression in the program code.

     If the result after testing comes false, then the exception is


    raised.

     This statement is generally used in the beginning of the


    function or after a function call to check for valid input.

     The syntax for assert statement is:

    assert Expression[,arguments]
     Python evaluates the expression given immediately after the
    assert keyword. If this expression is false, an AssertionError
    exception is raised which can be handled like any other
    exception.
     Ex. :
    print("use of assert statement")
    def negativecheck(number):
    assert(number>=0), "OOPS... Negative Number“
    print(number*number)
    print (negativecheck(100))
    print (negativecheck(-350))
    Handling Exceptions
     Each and every exception has to be handled by the
    programmer to avoid the program from crashing
    abruptly.

     This is done by writing additional code in a program


    to give proper messages or instructions to the user
    on encountering an exception. This process is
    known as exception handling.
    Need for Exception Handling
    It helps in capturing runtime errors and helps us to avoid the program getting
    crashed.

     Important points regarding Exceptions and their handling:


     Python categorizes exceptions into distinct types so that specific
    exception handlers can be created for each type.

     Exception handlers separate the main logic of the program from the
    error detection and correction code.

     The compiler or interpreter keeps track of the exact position where


    the error has occurred.

     Exception handling can be done for both user-defined and built-in


    exceptions.
    Process of Handling Exception
     Python interpreter creates an object called the exception object.

     The object is handed over to the runtime system so that it can find an
    appropriate code to handle this particular exception.

     This process of creating an exception object and handing it over to the runtime
    system is called throwing an exception.

     When an exception arises it will search for exception handler.

     The process of executing a suitable handler is known as catching the exception.

     If the runtime system is not able to find an appropriate exception after


    searching all the methods then the program execution stops.
    Catching Exceptions
     An exception is said to be caught when a code that is
    designed to handle a particular exception is executed.

     suspicious lines of codes are put inside a try block.

     Every try block is followed by an except block.

     The appropriate code to handle each of the possible


    exceptions are written inside the except clause.
    Example for try ..except
    try...except…else clause

     An except block will be executed only if some exception is


    raised in the try block.
     If there is no error then none of the except blocks will be
    executed.
    Finally clause:
     The try statement in Python can also have an optional
    finally clause.

     The statements inside the finally block are always


    executed regardless of whether an exception has
    occurred in the try block or not.

     It is a common practice to use finally clause while


    working with files to ensure that the file object is closed.

     If used, finally should always be placed at the end of try


    clause, after all except blocks and the else block.
    Recovering and continuing with finally clause:

     If an error has been detected in the try block


    and the exception has been thrown, the
    appropriate except block will be executed to
    handle the error.

     But if the exception is not handled by any of


    the except clauses, then it is re-raised after
    the execution of the finally block.
     While executing the above code, if we enter a non-
    numeric data as input, the finally block will be
    executed.

     So, the message “OVER AND OUT” will be displayed.


    Thereafter the exception for which handler is not
    present will be re-raised.

     That is, unlike except, execution of the finally clause


    does not terminate the exception. Rather, the
    exception continues to be raised after execution of
    finally.
    output
    Recap :
     we put a piece of code where there are possibilities of
    errors or exceptions to occur inside a try block.

     Inside each except clause we define handler codes to


    handle the matching exception raised in the try block.

     The optional else clause contains codes to be executed if


    no exception occurs.

     The optional finally block contains codes to be executed


    irrespective of whether an exception occurs or not.

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