OSI and TCP Model

Topic No.
OSI and TCP/IP Model

Deepak Chopade
The OSI Model
 An ISO (International standard Organization) that covers all aspects of

network communications is the Open System Interconnection (OSI)
model.
 An open system is a model that allows any two different systems to
communicate regardless of their underlying architecture (hardware or
software).
 The OSI model is not a protocol; it is model for understanding and designing
a network architecture that is flexible, robust and interoperable.
The OSI Model
 The OSI model is a layered framework for the design of network

systems that allows for communication across all types of computer
systems.
 The OSI model is built of seven ordered layers:
1. (layer 1) physical layer
2. (layer 2) data link
3. (layer 3) network layer
4. (layer 4) transport layer
5. (layer 5) session layer
6. (layer 6) presentation layer
7. (layer 7) application layer
Peer-to-Peer Process
 Within a single machine, each layer calls upon services of the layer
just below it.
 Layer 3, for example, uses the services provided by layer 2 and
provides services for layer 4.
 Between machines, layer x on one machine communicates with layer x
on another machine, by using a protocol (this is Peer-to-Peer
Process).
 Communication between machines is therefore a peer-to-peer
process using protocols appropriate to a given layer.
Internet Layers (TCP/IP)
Interfaces between Layers
 There is an interface between each pair of adjacent layers.

 This interface defines what information and services a layer must
provide for the layer above it.
Physical Layer
 The physical layer coordinates the

functions required to transmit a bit
stream over a physical medium. It
also defines the procedures and
functions that physical devices
and interfaces have to perform for
transmission occur.
The physical layer is responsible for transmitting individual bits from one
node to the next.
Physical layer
The physical layer is concerned with the following:
 Physical characteristics of interfaces and media: The physical layer
defines the characteristics of the interface between devices and the
transmission media, including its type.
 Representation of the bits: the physical layer data consist of a stream
of bits without any interpretation. To be transmitted, bits must be
encoded into signals –electrical or optical-. The physical layer
defines the type of encoding.
 Data rate: The physical layer defines the transmission rate, the
number of bits sent each second.
Physical Layer
 Line configuration: the physical layer is concerned with the
connection of devices to the medium.
 Physical topology
 Transmission Mode
Data Link Layer
 The data link layer transforms the

physical layer, a raw transmission
facility, to a reliable link and is
responsible for node-to-node
delivery. It makes the physical
layer appear error free to the
upper layer (network layer).
The data link layer is responsible for transmitting frames from one node
to the next.
Node-to-node delivery
Functions of the data link layer
 Framing. The data link layer divides the stream of bits received from
the network layer into data units called frames.
 Physical addressing. If frames are to be distributed to different

systems on the network, the data link layer adds a header to the
frame to define the physical address of the sender (source address)
and/or receiver (destination address) of the frame.
 If the frame is intended for a system outside the sender’s network,

the receiver address is the address of the device that connects one
network to the next.
 Flow Control. If the rate at which the data are absorbed by the receiver
is less than the rate produced in the sender, the data link layer
imposes a flow control mechanism to prevent overwhelming the
receiver.
 Error control. The data link layer adds reliability to the physical layer
by adding mechanisms to detect and retransmit damaged or lost
frames. Error control is normally achieved through a trailer to the end of
the frame.
 Access Control. When two or more devices are connected to the same
link, data link layer protocols are necessary to determine which device
has control over the link at any time.
Network Layer
•The Network layer is responsible for the source-to-destination delivery of a packet

possible across multiple networks.
•If two systems are connected to the same link, there is usually no need for a network
layer. However, if the two systems are attached to different networks, there is often a
need for the network layer to accomplish source-to-destination delivery.
Network Layer
Functions:
•Logical addressing.
•Routing
The network layer is responsible for the delivery of packets from the original
source to the final destination.
Source-to-destination delivery
 Logical addressing. The physical addressing implemented by the data
link layer handles the addressing problem locally.
 The network layer adds a header to the packet coming from the upper
layer, among other things, includes the logical address of the sender
and receiver.
 Routing. When independent networks or links are connected together

to create an internetwork (a network of networks) or a large network,
the connecting devices (called routers or gateways) route or switch the
packets to their final destination.
Transport Layer
 The transport layer is responsible for process-to-process delivery of the

entire message.
 The network layer oversees host-to-destination delivery of individual
packets, it does not recognize any relationship between those packets.
 The transport layer ensures that the whole message arrives intact and in
order, overseeing both error control and flow control at the process-to-
process level.
Transport layer
The transport layer is responsible for delivery of a message from one process
to another.
Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message
Functions of the transport layer
 Port addressing:computer often run several processes (running programs)

at the same time. Process-to-process delivery means delivery from a
specific process on one computer to a specific process on the other.
 The transport layer header include a type of address called port address.
 The network layer gets each packet to the correct computer; the transport
layer gets the entire message to the correct process on that computer.
 Segmentation and reassembly: a message is divided into

transmittable segments, each having a sequence number. These
numbers enable the transport layer to reassemble the message
correctly upon arrival at the destination.
 Connection control: The transport layer can be either connectionless
or connection-oriented.
 A connectionless transport layer treats each segment as an
independent packet and delivers it to the transport layer at the
destination machine.
 A connection-oriented transport layer makes a connection with the
transport layer at the destination machine first before delivering the
packets. After all the data are transferred, the connection is terminated.
 Flow control: the transport layer performs a flow control end to end.
The data link layer performs flow control across a single link.
 Error control: the transport layer performs error control end to end.
The data link layer performs control across a single link.
 The session layer is the network dialog controller. It was designed to
establish, maintain, and synchronize the interaction between
communicating devices.
 The presentation layer was designed to handle the syntax and
semantics of the information exchanged between the two systems. It
was designed for data translation, encryption, decryption, and
compression.
 The application layer enables the user to access the network. It
provides user interfaces and support for services such electronic email,
remote file access, WWW, and so on.
Application layer
The application layer is responsible for providing services to the user.

Summary of duties
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Topic No.

OSI and TCP/IP Model

 An ISO (International standard Organization) that covers all aspects of

 The OSI model is a layered framework for the design of network

 There is an interface between each pair of adjacent layers.

 The physical layer coordinates the

 The data link layer transforms the

 Physical addressing. If frames are to be distributed to different

 If the frame is intended for a system outside the sender’s network,

•The Network layer is responsible for the source-to-destination delivery of a packet

 Routing. When independent networks or links are connected together

 The transport layer is responsible for process-to-process delivery of the

 Port addressing:computer often run several processes (running programs)

 Segmentation and reassembly: a message is divided into

The application layer is responsible for providing services to the user.

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