Chapter 1

Introduction
Internet Programming
CS Staff
 Contents

Introduction

Designing a good website

Types of web page

Static vs. Dynamic

Web page design tools

Client Side Scripting

Server Side Scripting

CoSc 3081– Internet Programming 2 JKU- CS

 What is Internet?
 Internet – a network of networks
 worldwide connection of computers & computer networks
using IP that links billions of computers used by businesses,
gov’t, educational institutions, organizations, and individuals
using modems, phone lines, television cables, satellite links,
fiber-optic connections, & other communications devices &
media
 Several applications:
 E-mal
 www
 File transfer (FTP)
 Remote login
 E-commerce
 Instant messaging (chat)
 Mailing lists
CoSc
… 3081– Internet Programming 3 JKU - CS
 Layered Architecture
 The internet uses a layered hardware/software
architecture (also called the "OSI model"):

CoSc 3081– Internet Programming 4 JKU- CS

 Cont’d
 Physical layer: defines the mechanism for communicating
with the transmission medium and interface hardware
 devices such as ethernet, coaxial cables, fiber-optic lines, modems
 Data link layer: validates the integrity of the flow of data
from one node to another by synchronizing blocks of data
and controlling the flow of data
 basic hardware protocols (ethernet, wifi, DSL PPP)
 Network / internet layer: defines protocols (IP) for data
routing to ensure that the information arrives at the correct
destination code
 Transport layer: defines protocols for structuring messages
and supervises the validity of the transmission by
performing some error checking
 adds reliability to network layer (TCP,UDP)

CoSc 3081– Internet Programming 5 JKU - CS

 Cont’d
 Session layer: coordinated communications and maintain the
session as long as it is needed, performing security, logging,
and administrative functions
 Presentation layer: defines the way in which data is
formatted, presented, converted and encoded
 Application layer: It defines the manner in which
applications interact with network, including DBM, email,
and terminal-emulation programs
 implements specific communication for each kind of program (HTTP,
POP3/IMAP, SSH, FTP)
 HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
– Client (web browser) and Server (web server)
communicate via the HTTP to exchange request/response
messages

CoSc 3081– Internet Programming 6 JKU - CS

 Cont’d

CoSc 3081– Internet Programming 7 JKU - CS

 Protocols
A protocol
 Is a language spoken between computers to
exchange information
 Is a formal description of message formats and the
rules that two computers must follow in order to
exchange those messages.
Example: HTTP protocol defines the format for
communication between web browsers and web
servers

CoSc 3081– Internet Programming 8 JKU - CS

 What is the World Wide Web?
 World Wide Web, also called Web – part of the
Internet that supports multimedia and consists of
a collection of linked documents
 www – refers to all of the publicly accessible websites in
the world, in addition to other information sources that web
browsers can access
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) – a set of
rules for exchanging text, graphics, sound, video,
and other multimedia files
 Web pages – linked documents, or pages of
information, on the Web

CoSc 3081– Internet Programming 9 JKU - CS

 Cont’d
 Web site – related collection of web pages that is
created & maintained by an individual, company,
educational institution, or other organization
 A collection of resources:
• Web pages (static / dynamic)
• Media files (images, animations, sound, …)
• Style files (CSS)
• Documents (pdf, doc, txt, rtf, …)
• …
 Has a globally unique name
• E.g. www.jku.edu.et
 Stored on machines called web servers
 Home page – first document users see when they
access a web site
CoSc 3081– Internet Programming 10 JKU - CS
 Internet vs Web
 Internet & web are not the same things.
 Internet: a inter-connected computer networks, linked by
wires, cables, wireless connections, etc.
 They have communication between each other.
 Decentralized design that there is no centralized body
controls how the Internet functions.
 Web: a collection of interconnected documents and other
resources that are interconnected by hyper-links.
 These documents are accessed by web browsers and
provided by web servers.
 Web server: web pages to be visible to people on the
Internet, a machine with a connection to the Internet running
special “web server software”.

CoSc 3081– Internet Programming 11 JKU - CS

 Cont’d
How does the Internet work?
 Through communication protocols
 Communication protocol is a specification of how communication between
two computers will be carried out
 IP (Internet Protocol): defines the packets that carry blocks of data from one node to
another
 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol): the protocols
by which one host sends data to another.
 Other application protocols: DNS (Domain Name Service), SMTP (Simple Mail
Transmission Protocol), and FTP (File Transmission Protocol)
How does the www work?
 Websites (with unique names) are stored on web servers
 Users access these websites via the Internet using software called a web
browser.
 A user sends requests for resources from a server with the help of the a user
agent (browser)
 The server sends the requested resource to the user agent
 The user agent renders the resource for the user to view.
CoSc 3081– Internet Programming 12 JKU - CS
 Domain Name System
DNS name structure
 A set of servers that map written names to IP addresses
 Example: www.cs.jku.edu.et  213.55.85.42
 Hierarchical in nature (eg. cs.jku.edu.et)
cs is under jku (subdomain of jku), jku is under edu, edu under et
 Labels separated by . (dot)
 Labels can be up to 63 characters long and are case
insensitive
 A maximum of 255 characters is allowed in total
 The last (highest) labels of a DNS name can be:
 3 letter code top level domains (TLDs): indicating type of org’n
com, edu, gov, net, org, biz, …
 Two letter country codes (CCTLDs): indicating the country
et, us, uk, …

CoSc 3081– Internet Programming 13 JKU - CS

 URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
 An identifier for the location of a document on a web site
 The exact address of a resource on the Internet
 Format:
 <protocol>://<host>[:<port>][<path>][?<query>]
E.g. http://www.somedomain.com/search.php?q=dns&lang=en
Protocol – identifies the type of protocol to be used for communication
http, ftp, mailto, …
Host – identifies machine on which the requested resource is stored
Domain names (eg. www.google.com)
IP address
Port – identifies the port number of the web server software on the web server
machine
Default port for http: 8080
Path – identifies the name and path of the resource on the server
Query – specifies parameters, if any, that should be sent to the server along with the
request
has the form: ?var_name1=value1&var_name2=value2&…
 Hyperlink, also called link – an element used to connect one Web page to
another Web page that’s located on the same server or different Web server
located anywhere in the world
CoSc 3081– Internet Programming 14 JKU - CS
 Software Involved
 At the server: an internet-connected computer that wishes to provide
information (web pages and other files) to others
 Web server software: listens for incoming requests for resources from
clients and serves the requests
 Publishing – copying Web pages & other files to a Web server
Apache - open source
IIS (Internet Information Services) – Microsoft
Squid,….
 At the client: system that wishes to access information
 Web browser, also called browser : a program interprets &
sends/receives requests/responses to/from web servers on behalf of the
client and renders content as necessary
Microsoft Internet Explorer - Most commonly used browsers
Mozilla
Firefox
Opera - The fastest browser on Earth
Netscape, Mosaic - Many different computing platforms
Safari,….
CoSc 3081– Internet Programming JKU - CS
15
 Design Good Website
 Good website design isn’t just about pretty colors, groovy
graphics, and knocking out code with software like
Dreamweaver
 Good website design requires substantial planning, and
takes into consideration not just visual design but also
content, tone and the way information is arranged, as well
as accessibility and usability for people with varying
degrees of ability.
Design Process
 requires relevant content of a brochure or magazine, colorful
look of high-quality print, and attention-grabbing impact of
television advertising.
 should offer a valuable product and/or information, be
updated frequently and stay current with changing technology
CoSc 3081– Internet Programming 16 JKU - CS
 Contd…
Once you have decided to establish a web
site there are 3 steps to getting it online.
1. Get a domain name - This is your
personal/private address on the Web.
2. Find a web hosting service- Here is where your
website will reside.
Free vs Private Web Hosting
3. Design, build & upload your website - The
process of website creation.

CoSc 3081– Internet Programming 17 JKU - CS

 Contd…
 Five step process for effective website design
1. Analyse
• Info / content
4. Implement
• User Interaction
• Target Audience
• Top 10 Checklist
• Final Checklist
• FTP
2. Organise
• Navigation • Fine Tune
• Content 5. Maintain
• Page layout • Marketing
• Page design • Optimisation
3. Develop • Traffic analysis
• Web page layout
• Site layout
• Web page construction
• Graphics techniques

CoSc 3081– Internet Programming 18 JKU - CS

 Web Application
 Are applications whose functionality is processed on
a web server, and is delivered to the end users over a
network such as the Internet or an intranet.
 End users use a thin client (web browser) to
run web applications, which knows how to display
and execute the data received from the server.
 In contrast, desktop applications are based on a
thick client (also called a rich client or a fat client),
which does most of the processing.

CoSc 3081– Internet Programming 19 JKU - CS

 Advantages of Web Applications
 Are easy and inexpensive to deliver. With web applications,
a company can reduce the costs of the IT department that is in
charge of installing the software on the users' machines.
 Are easy and inexpensive to upgrade. as well. As soon as
the application on the server machine is upgraded, everyone
gets the new version.
 Have flexible requirements for the end users. Just have
your web application installed on a server—any modern
operating system will do—and you'll be able to use it over the
Internet/Intranet on any machine and browser.
 Make it easier to have a central data store. When you have
several locations that need access to the same data, having
all that data stored in one place is much easier than having
separate databases in each location.

CoSc 3081– Internet Programming 20 JKU - CS

 Types of Web Pages
 Static Website
 Page content established at the time page is created
 A website that is written entirely using HTML.
 Each web page is a separate document and there are no
databases or external files that are drawn upon.
• Means – only way to edit is to go into each page and edit HTML (do
yourself using a web page editor or pay ur web developer to updates)
 Useful for displaying data that doesn’t change often
 Dynamic Website – also called an interactive Website
 Is written using more complex code – such as PHP or AP -
and has a greater degree of functionality.
 many can be controlled by a content management system
• Means – you will potentially be able to make updates without needing
any knowledge of HTML or any website software.
• Each page of a dynamic website is generated from information
stored in a db or external file
CoSc 3081– Internet Programming 21 JKU - CS
 Which Should You Choose?
 Many people prefer dynamic websites because they have
a lot of benefits
 Advantages of dynamic sites
 reduce ongoing maintenance costs, b/c u will enable u to
maintain your own content
 Much more functional website
 make data management very efficient
 Much easier to update
 New content brings people back to the site and helps in the
search engines
 Disadvantages of dynamic websites
 usually cost more to develop, because they require more
complex coding, as well as for maintenance
 need to obtain web hosting which supports databases and
dynamic languages
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 Dynamic Web Pages

Database-driven Web site Architecture

CoSc 3081– Internet Programming 23 JKU - CS
 Approaches for Creating Dynamic
Web Pages
 In server-side processing, the Web server:
 Receives the dynamic Web page request
 Performs all of the processing necessary to create the
dynamic Web page
 Sends the finished Web page to the client for display in the
client’s browser
 Client-side processing
 Some processing is done on the client workstation, either
to form the request for the dynamic Web page or to create
or display the dynamic Web page
 Eg. Javascript code to validate user input.
 Often needs to be “executed” by the Browser.

CoSc 3081– Internet Programming 24 JKU - CS

 Web site Development
 Need interaction between client and server
 Programming for providing Web service can also be
divided into
– Client-side programming: to define the operation to be
performed on the client’s machine
– Does not involve server processing
– Client browser executes it locally
– Are normally used to add functionality to web pages e.g.
different menu styles, graphic displays, etc
– Server-side programming: to define the operation to be
performed on the server
– Can use huge resources of the server
– Complete all processing in the server and send plain pages to
the client
– Reduces client-side computation overhead
CoSc 3081– Internet Programming 25 JKU - CS
 Cont’d
 To develop a Web site, three steps:
1. Obtain the appropriate equipment
 Web Server – hardware and software
2. Register Web Server to an Internet Service Provider (ISP)
 Obtain the IP address and DNS address
3. Develop the contents
 Internet Programming

Server-side Programming Client-side Programming

Skills that are often required: Skills that are often required:
• CGI (Common Gateway Interface) • HTML (Hypertext Markup
• PHP (Personal Home Page) Language), XHTML
• Python • Javascript
• ASP • Java
• Perl • Dreamweaver
• Java Servlet, … • XML …
CoSc 3081– Internet Programming 26 JKU - CS
 Client Side vs. Server Side Web
 Which one to choose? What are the determining
factors?
 Performance:
• Responsiveness, speed, reliability
• Ability to handle a large number of simultaneous
users
 Functionality:
• Simplicity of use and maintenance,
• Breadth of user options
• Ability to handle multiple simultaneous transactions
 Security:
• Desktop security
• Server security
• Database security
• Network security

CoSc 3081– Internet Programming 27 JKU - CS

Thank You For your
patience!