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    CHEM14.1 Report

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    joanne_chio
    This document discusses molecular models, including their history, types, colors used, and applications in determining molecular geometry and hybridization. It provides background on Johannes Kepler's early ideas on molecular patterns and August Wilhelm von Hofmann creating the first physical molecular model in 1860. The main types of molecular models are described as ball-and-stick, skeletal, and computer-based. An experiment procedure outlines preparing different hybridization centers, including sp3, sp2, and sp3d2. Molecular geometry and hybridization are also defined.

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    CHEM14.1 Report

    Uploaded by

    joanne_chio
    96 views25 pages
    This document discusses molecular models, including their history, types, colors used, and applications in determining molecular geometry and hybridization. It provides background on Johannes Kepler's early ideas on molecular patterns and August Wilhelm von Hofmann creating the first physical molecular model in 1860. The main types of molecular models are described as ball-and-stick, skeletal, and computer-based. An experiment procedure outlines preparing different hybridization centers, including sp3, sp2, and sp3d2. Molecular geometry and hybridization are also defined.

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    This document discusses molecular models, including their history, types, colors used, and applications in determining molecular geometry and hybridization. It provides background on Johannes Kepler's early ideas on molecular patterns and August Wilhelm von Hofmann creating the first physical molecular model in 1860. The main types of molecular models are described as ball-and-stick, skeletal, and computer-based. An experiment procedure outlines preparing different hybridization centers, including sp3, sp2, and sp3d2. Molecular geometry and hybridization are also defined.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    96 views25 pages

    CHEM14.1 Report

    Uploaded by

    joanne_chio
    This document discusses molecular models, including their history, types, colors used, and applications in determining molecular geometry and hybridization. It provides background on Johannes Kepler's early ideas on molecular patterns and August Wilhelm von Hofmann creating the first physical molecular model in 1860. The main types of molecular models are described as ball-and-stick, skeletal, and computer-based. An experiment procedure outlines preparing different hybridization centers, including sp3, sp2, and sp3d2. Molecular geometry and hybridization are also defined.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 25

    Molecular Models

    What are Molecular Models?

    A physical model
    that represents
    molecules and their
    processes.
    History
    In the 1600s, Johannes Kepler
    speculated on the symmetrical
    patterns in snowflakes and also on
    the close packing of spherical
    objects such as fruit.
    History
    The first physical molecular
    model was made around 1860
    by August Wilhelm
    von Hofmann.
    Stereochemistry

    The study of the


    relative spatial
    arrangement of atoms
    within molecules.
    Different Types of
    Molecular Models
    Ball-and-Stick Model:
    Different Types of
    Molecular Models
    Skeletal Model:
    Different Types of
    Molecular Models
    Composite Model:
    Different Types of
    Molecular Models
    Computer-based Models:
    Most common colors used in
    molecular models
    Hydrogen White
    Alkali Metals Violet
    Alkaline-Earth Metals Dark Green
    Boron, Most Transition Metals Peach/Salmon
    Carbon Black
    Nitrogen Dark Blue
    Oxygen Red
    Fluorine, Chlorine Green
    Bromine Dark Red
    Iodine Dark Violet
    Noble Gases Cyan
    Phosphorus Orange
    Sulfur Yellow
    Titanium Gray
    Objective
    • 1. To identify the hybridization of the
    central atom of the given compound.
    • 2. To construct the molecular models of
    given compounds.
    Procedure
    • I. Preparation of hybrid centers (sp2 and
    sp3d centers).
    – A. This is used to determine the hybridization of the
    central atom of the compound. The procedures in this part
    of the experiment involves cutting cartolina in order for the
    bond angles to be formed.
    – B. Preparation of sp3 centers.
    • This part of the experiment still continues to tackle
    about the different bond angles and on how to
    make an sp3 center.
    Procedure
    • C. Preparation of sp3d2 centers
    – Tackles the different procedures on how to
    make an sp3d2 center.
    – While procedures under D. tells us how to
    make the terminal/surrounding atoms.
    Data and Results
    • As from this experiment we have only results
    from the first-hand experience of preparing a
    molecular model as well as hybridized
    molecules such as sp2 ranging to sp3d2.
    • We have also gained an insight on how do
    these molecules look like especially with the
    bond angles formed around these molecules.
    It depicts a much greater image of the
    different theories and concepts we have
    discussed in our lecture class.
    Molecular Geometry
    The three-dimensional
    arrangement of atoms in a
    molecule.
    Molecular Geometry
    • Linear
    – 180 degrees
    – Formula: AB2
    Molecular Geometry
    • Trigonal Planar
    – 120 degrees per angle
    – Formula: AB3, AB2E (Bent)
    Molecular Geometry
    • Tetrahedral
    – 109.5 degrees
    – Formula: AB4,AB3E(Trigonal Pyramidal),AB2E2(Bent)
    Molecular Geometry
    • Trigonal Bipyramidal
    – 120 degrees, 90 degrees
    – Formula: AB5,AB4E(Seesaw),AB3E2(T-shaped)
    Molecular Geometry
    • Octahedral
    – 90 degrees
    – Formula: AB6,AB5E(Square
    Pyramidal),AB4E2(Square Planar)
    Discussion
    Hybridization
    - Hybridization describes the bonding atoms from an
    atom’s point of view.
    -There are 3 important types of orbital hybridization:
    1. sp3
    2. sp2
    3. sp
    The sp3 hybridization
    The sp2 hybridization
    The sp hybridization
    Conclusion
    • Molecular Models are

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