Accounting Information System

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 Computer, Accounting &
Systems
What is a Computer?
• A computer is an information-processing
machine.
• We may also say that a computer is a device
that works under the control of stored
programs automatically accepting, storing and
processing data to produce information that is
the result of that processing.
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 Computer
The forms of information processed include:
• Data – e.g. invoices, sales ledger and
purchase ledger, payroll, stock controls etc.
• Text – widely available in many offices with
microcomputers
• Graphics – e.g. business graphs, symbols
• Images – e.g. pictures
• Voice – e.g. telephone
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 Computer Processing
Processing includes;
• creating,
• manipulating,
• storing,
• accessing and
• transmitting.

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 Why use computers?
Use of computers has become a necessity in
many fields.

Computers have revolutionized the way

businesses are conducted.

This is due to the advantages that computer

systems offer over manual systems
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 The advantages of Computers
• Speed – Computers have higher processing speeds
than other means of processing, measured as number
of instructions executed per second.
• Accuracy – Computers are not prone to errors. So long
as the programs are correct, they will always give
correct output. A computer is designed in such a way
that many of the inaccuracies, which could arise due to
the malfunctioning of the equipment, are detected and
their consequences avoided in a way, which is
completely transparent to the user.
• Consistency – Given the same data and the same
instructions computers will produce exactly the same
answer every time that particular process is repeated.
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 Advantages
• Reliability – Computer systems are built with
fault tolerance features, meaning that failure
of one of the components does not
necessarily lead to failure of the whole
system.
• Memory capability – A computer has the
ability to store and access large volumes of
data.
• Processing capability – A computer has the
ability to execute millions of instructions per
second.
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 Computer Applications Areas
• Communication –Computers have also enhanced communication
through email communication, electronic data interchange,
electronic funds transfer, Internet: 
• Banking –computer systems in such areas as credit analysis, fund
transfers, customer relations, automated teller machines, home
banking, and online banking.
• Organizational management –aided greatly the processes of
managerial planning, controlling, directing as well as decision-
making. Computers are used in organization for transaction
processing, managerial control as well as decision-support.  
• Science, research and engineering – computers used as research
tools, complex computations for simulation
• Education– computers incorporate databases of information that
are useful in organizing and disseminating educational resources.
• Management of information materials- The Internet has massive
reference material on virtually every learning areas
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 Applications
• Manufacturing and production – computer aided design (CAD), computer
integrated manufacturing (CIM), process control systems among other
technologies are computer systems that have revolutionized the
production industry.
• Entertainment – use of computers in the entertainment industry has
increased tremendously over the years.
• Retailing – computers are used in point of sale systems and credit card
payment systems as well as stock inventories.
• Home appliances –Major appliances such as microwave ovens, clothes
washers, refrigerators and sewing machines are making regular use of
microprocessors.
• Reservation systems – guest booking, accommodation and bills
accounting using computers in hotels have made the process to be more
efficient and faster.
• Health care and medicine – computers have played an important role in
the growth and improvement of health care that the use of computers in
medicine has become a medical specialty in itself.

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 Application of Information
Systems in Accounting
• These are systems that maintain records
concerning the flow of funds in the firm and
produce financial statements, such as balance
sheets and income statements. They are among
the earliest systems to be computerized
• Operational accounting information systems
produce the routine, repetitive information
outputs that every organization finds necessary,
including pay cheques, cheques to vendors,
customer invoices, purchase orders, stock
reports, and other regular forms and reports.
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 In Accounting
The heart of an organization’s operational-
level accounting information system is the
financial accounting system. A
computerized financial accounting system
is composed of a series of software
modules or subsystems used separately or
in an integrated fashion

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 System Applications
• General ledger.
• Fixed assets.
• Sales order processing.
• Accounts receivable.
• Accounts payable.
• Inventory control.
• Purchase order processing.
• Payroll.
When these computerized financial accounting
subsystems are integrated, each subsystem receives
data as input from other subsystems and provides
information as output to other subsystems.
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 Systems Concepts
A system is a set of interacting components
that work together to accomplish specific
goals. For example, a business is organized to
accomplish a set of specific functions. Any
situations, which involve the handling or
manipulation of materials or resources of any
kind whether human, financial or informative,
may be structured and represented in the
form of a system
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 Characteristics of System
• Purpose – Systems exist to fulfil some
objective or satisfy a need. A system may
accomplish more than one task. The purpose
of a system is closely tied to its rationale.
• Rationale – This is the justification for a
system’s existence.
• Efficiency – This is how well a system utilizes
its resources, that is, doing things right.

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 Characteristics of System
• Effectiveness – How well a system fulfils its
purpose, assuming that its purpose is the right
one. Involves a system doing the right things.
• Inputs – Entities that enter the system to
produce output or furnish information.
• Outputs – Entities that exit from the system
either as interfaces or for end-user activities.
They may be used to evaluate system’s
efficiency and effectiveness.
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 Characteristics of System
• Transformation rules – Specify how the input is
processed to produce output.
• Throughput – Measures the quantity of work a
system accomplishes. Does not consider the
quality of the output.
• Boundary – Artificially delimits a system for
study or discussion purposes. System designers
can only control those system components
within the boundary.
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 Characteristics of System
• Environment – That which impacts the system
but is outside the system’s boundary. The system
cannot control events in the environment.
• Interfaces – Points where two systems meet and
share inputs and outputs. Interfaces belong to the
environment although they may be inside the
system boundary.
• Feedback – Recycles outputs as subsequent
inputs, or measures outputs to assess
effectiveness. 17
 Components of A System
Environment System Boundary  
Environment
Environment
Input Output
Process

Environment Interacting subsystems

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 Components
Inputs-These provide the system with what it
needs to operate. It may include machines,
manpower, raw materials, money or time.
Processes-Include policies, procedures, and
operations that convert inputs into outputs.
Outputs-These are the results of processing and
may include information in the right format,
conveyed at the right time and place, to the right
person.
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 Components
Systems Boundary-A system boundary defines the
system and distinguishes it from its
environment. 
Subsystems-A subsystem is a unit within a system
that shares some or all of the characteristics of
that system. Subsystems are smaller systems that
make up a super-system / supra-system. All
systems are part of larger systems.
Environment-This is the world surrounding the
system, which the system is a subsystem of. 20
 System Development Life Cycle
• Preliminary study
• Feasibility study
• Fact finding/investigation
• Analysis
• System design
• System development
• System implementation
• Post implementation review
• System maintenance 21
 Computerized Accounting
• Accounting has been done manually till the 1980s,
when the advent of fast computers and easy-to-use,
accurate and reliable software started.
• An accounting system is a collection of processes,
procedures and controls designed to collect, record,
classify and summarize financial data for
interpretation and management decision-making.
• Computerized Accounting involves making use of
computers and accounting software to record, store
and analyze financial data. A computerized
accounting system brings with it many advantages
that are unavailable to analog accounting systems
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 Advantages - Computerized
Accounting
• Automation: Since all the calculations are handled by the
software, computerized accounting eliminates many of the
mundane and time-consuming processes associated with
manual accounting.
• Accuracy: This accounting system is designed to be accurate to
the minutest detail. Once the data is entered into the system,
all the calculations, including additions and subtractions, are
done automatically by software.
• Data Access: Using accounting software it becomes much
easier for different individuals to access accounting data
outside of the office, securely.
• Reliability: Because the calculations are so accurate, the
financial statements prepared by computers are highly
reliable.
• Scalable: When your company grows, the amount of
accounting necessary not only increases but becomes more 23
complex.
 Advantages - Computerized
Accounting
• Speed: Using accounting software, the entire process of
preparing accounts becomes faster. Furthermore, statements
and reports can be generated instantly at the click of a button.
Managers do not have to wait for hours, even days, to lay their
hands on an important report.
• Security: The latest data can be saved and stored in offsite
locations so it is safe from natural and man-made disasters like
earthquakes, fires, floods, arson and terrorist attacks. In case
of a disasters, the system can be quickly restored on other
computers.
• Cost-effective: Since using computerized accounting is more
efficient than paper-based accounting, than naturally, work
will be done faster and time will be saved.
• Visuals: Viewing your accounts using a computer allows you to
take advantage of the option to view your data in different
formats. You can view data in tables and using different types
of charts. 24
 Manual Vs Computerized
Accounting
A manual accounting system is a way of keeping
business financial records with a written ledger of
transactions. Computers and software are not used
as part of a manual system.

Advantages of a manual accounting system:

– Applies to any business
– Easier to set up
– Can be more flexible than a computerised accounting
system
– More secure
– Does not need electricty or batteries
– Cheaper
– Greater “impression” of control 25
 Manual Vs Computerized
Accounting
Disadvantages of a manual accounting system:
– Prone to human error
– Longer to generate reports
– More suited to smaller businesses
– Records susceptible to perils such as fire and
water
– Disaster recovery plans harder to implement
– Can take longer
– Not particularly suited to environments where
there are a large volume of transactions
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 Difference Between Manual &
Computerized Accounting
• Manual accounting requires that all
journal entries, invoices and other
financial documents be created by
hand.
• Computerized accounting allows users
to input information into accounting
software programs.
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 1. The Speed

Computerized accounting produces information

much faster than manual accounting.

Accounting software packages, such as QuickBooks

come with built-in databases that allow users to
input data

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 2. The Accuracy

Manual accounting systems are prone to

mathematical errors and misplaced numbers.

With a computerized accounting system, the

company data is automatically calculated based
on numbers you input.

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 3. The Financial Statements

In a manual accounting system, you have to

prepare your company's income statement,
balance sheet and statement of owner's equity
by hand. Information from your journal entries
helps formulate your company's financial
statements.
Computerized accounting systems allow financial
statements to be created from information
stored in the database
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 4. The Cost

The cost of computerized accounting systems can

range from hundreds to thousands of dollars for
large businesses.
A computerized accounting system may save on
man hours used for creating financial statements
and other reports.
For this reason, many small and mid-sized
businesses use computerized accounting
software. 31
 5. The Reports

Reports are created in a timely manner when using

a computerized accounting system.

Reports generated from computerized accounting

software allow managers to run the company in
a more efficient manner.

Creating reports in a manual accounting system

may lead to more staff frustration and result in
having to work with outdated information. 32
 6. The Safety
Accounting records kept on the manual system can
be lost or damaged easily, such as by coffee spills.
On the other hand, records kept by a computer are
likely to be safer because many systems are
backed up often.
If you lose pages in a paper pad, you may have to
recreate the transactions by conducting research
and writing them in again. In a computerized
system, you simply restore the latest backup and
add a few transactions that were not saved. In
this area, accounting software is obviously
superior to manual systems. 33
 7. The Organization
Data processed through software is organized and
easy to find.
That's not the case with manual systems, where
you may have to review several pages to find
what you need. Accounting programs organize
the information in one place, classified by type.
For instance, if you want to find certain data
about a vendor, you can go to the accounts
payable section of the software, usually by
clicking a link or tab, and conduct a search for
the vendor. This will take several pages and time
to find in a manual system. 34
 Integrated Framework of CAS

Speed Accuracy Cost Reduction Efficiency Effectiveness

Cost/ Quick
Quick
Number of Access
access to
Stationery
Information
used
Inputs – Accessibility
Time taken Outputs
Reliability
for a task relationship
of Cost of
Information employee considering
in handling time Internal
Network with
different Controls
other
departments jobs

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 Importance of IT in Accounting

International Financial Reporting

Standards (IFRS) require a company to
prepare full and accurate financial
statements.

A company's senior management

establishes adequate computerized
accounting systems to prepare accurate
operating reports. 36
37
 Importance of IT in Accounting
• Significance
Information technology plays an
important role in accounting processes
because it improves financial reporting
procedures and prevents errors in
financial statements.

• Time Frame
Computerized accounting activities help
an accountant perform month-end close
procedures. These activities also help a
company report profit information over a
period, such as a month or quarter.
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 Importance of IT in Accounting
• Recording Procedures
An accountant uses computerized
accounting software to make journal
entries in financial accounts, such as
assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses
and equity.
The accountant debits an asset or
expense account to increase its amount
and credits it to reduce the account
balance. The opposite is true for
revenue, liability and equity accounts.
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 CAS Development Lifecycle 1
• User and Uses Needs Identification - An
accounting information system is used to
input, process, store and distribute
information. The needs of each business for
an accounting system are slightly different.
• Analysis - Every business has unique
objectives and goals; and so, every
accounting system is set up with slight
variations. Companies must analyze their
needs when determining what type of
system to use.
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 CAS Development Lifecycle 2
• Design - After the analysis of the business is
complete, a company begins to design the system it
needs, ensuring it can fulfill all objectives within the
organization. The business can either do this
internally with accounting personnel or hire a firm
to design it for them. Small companies can purchase
software that can be customized to their needs.
Other companies hire a computer programmer to
write code specific to their needs
• Implementation - After the system is designed, the
company can begin to implement it. This is a
complicated process because it requires a
conversion from one system to another.
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 CAS Development Lifecycle 3
• Re-evaluation
Many times, once an accounting system is up
and running, a company finds it may be
lacking something. For instance, after using
the system, a firm may realize it needs a
database installed for customer mailings. A
re-evaluation is done for such reasons, and
adjustments are then made
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 CAS Development – Things to
Consider
• Workflow - When you switch to an
accounting information system, be prepared
for your workflow to change accordingly.
• Best Practices Research - Taking stock of
best accounting practices before you begin
the data migration
• Installation and Compatibility - prior to
installation it’s important to ensure your
workstations and server is compatible 48
 CAS Development – Things to
Consider
• Auditing - make sure your consultant sets up
the software to enable audit trails
• Customization - match your company’s most
important business needs or offer the
flexibility to be implemented or customized
easily to your needs
• Data Migration - Best practices for migrating
data from your old system is to run a test
migration 49
 CAS Development – Things to
Consider
• Security - It’s crucial to address security concerns
to protect your data.
• Ensure
– employees are backing up data in a secure location,
– that the files are password-protected if need be,
and
– have antivirus software running on any of the
computers that use the accounting software.
– This helps protect your data from data loss,
computer problems, and natural disasters 50
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 Features of a Computerized
Accounting System
• Consistency of operations
• Concentration of functions – only few people are
in processing financial information
• Potential of alteration as data is held together
and can be easily accessed
• Lack of visible outputs as only summarized data
is printed
• A single input automatically updates all the
records associated with the transaction
• Accuracy
• Use of passwords 53
 Basic Functions of a CAS
1. Collect and Store Data
One function of a CAS is to efficiently and
effectively collect and store data about
business activities and transactions.
The system must capture transaction data on
source documents, record transaction data
in journals to present a chronological record
of transactions, and post data from journals
to ledgers that sort the data by account
type. 54
 Basic Functions of a CAS
2. Provide Information
The second function of CAS is to provide
information useful for making decisions.
This information usually involves reports
in the form of financial statements and
managerial reports

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 Basic Functions of a CAS/ AIS
3 Provide Controls
The third function of a CAS is to
incorporate controls to ensure the
accurate recording and processing of
data.
The system must make certain that the
information that comes out of the
system is reliable, ensure that business
activities are efficient and in line with
management's objectives and keep
business assets safe 56
 Accounting Information Concepts
Information: processed facts meant to
support decision making in an
organization

Information System: A combination of

hardware, software, infrastructure and
trained people organized to facilitate
planning, control, coordination and
decision making in organizations
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 Qualities of Good Accounting
Information
• Accuracy: Accurate enough for the use to
which it is going
• Complete: include all relevant information
• Cost-Beneficial – Not cost more than benefits
• User-Targeted – Meet the needs of the user
• Relevant – omit all irrelevant information
• Authoritative – Source should be reputable
• Timely – Available when needed
• Easy to Use – Clearly presented, not too long
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 Value of Accounting Information
• For information to have value, it
must result into any of the
following;
–Increase in profit and elimination of
losses
–Prevention of Fraud
–Better Staff Morale
–Increased Productivity
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 Why Organizations Require
Accounting Information
• In order to compare their activities
with those of competitors
• To define policies and to specify
how the policies can be
implemented
• In order to monitor the
implementation of plans
• To access customers globally 60
 System’s Approach to Computerized
Accounting
• Review definition of a System;
– Organized, purposeful structure regarded as a
whole and consisting of interrelated and
interdependent elements
• Classification of Systems
– Manmade and Natural Systems
– Physical and Abstract
– Probabilistic and deterministic
– Open and closed system
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 Rem…Components and
Characteristics of A System
• Inputs-These provide the system with what it needs to operate. It may include
machines, manpower, raw materials, money or time.
• Processes-Include policies, procedures, and operations that convert inputs into outputs.
• Outputs-These are the results of processing and may include information in the right
format, conveyed at the right time and place, to the right person.
• Systems Boundary-A system boundary defines the system and distinguishes it from its
environment. 
• Subsystems-A subsystem is a unit within a system that shares some or all of the
characteristics of that system. Subsystems are smaller systems that make up a super-
system / supra-system. All systems are part of larger systems.
• Environment-This is the world surrounding the system, which the system is a
subsystem of.

Purpose; Rationale; Efficiency; Effectiveness; Inputs; Outputs;

Transformational rules; Throughput; Boundary; Environment;
Interfaces ; Feedback 62
 System Development
• The activity of creating or modifying existing
Accounting Systems
• Reasons for initiating systems development
– Desire to exploit new opportunities
– Increasing competition
– Desire to make more effective use of information
– Organizational growth
– Merger
– Change in market or external environment
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 System Development Lifecycle
SDLC
• SDLC framework provides a sequence of
activities for developing a system
• It consists of a set of steps or phases in
which each step/phase uses the results of
the previous one.
• Called SDLC because the activities
associated with the system are ongoing.

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 Objectives of SDLC

• Ensure that high quality systems are

delivered
• Provide strong management control over
the development process
• Maximize the productivity of the systems
staff

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 SDLC Phases
• The SDLC Phases include the following;
– Preliminary Study – determination of whether there is
need to change the existing system or business
procedures.
• It aims at understanding organizational characteristics and
objectives
– Feasibility study – a more detailed study carried out to
define the problem and decide whether or not the
new system to replace current is viable
• It aims at identifying main system characteristics, output
requirements and economic viability
• Types of Feasibility study include – technical, social, legal
and economic (Cost – Benefit – Analysis). 66
 SDLC Phases 2
– Fact Finding/System Investigation – collection of
information about the existing system in order to
establish whether the current user’s needs are being
met
• Done through the use of questionnaire, interviewing,
observation, Sampling.
– Systems Analysis – evaluation of the current system
using gathered facts. It involves the detailed
assessment of the components of the existing system
and requirements of the new system
– Systems design – The translation of the statement of
requirements into a form that can be understood by
the user and other people apart from the designers
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 SDLC Phases 3

– Systems implementation & Review – concentrates on

how the system will be installed/given to the users
after development
– The activities in system implementation include;
• Documentation – description of the system
• Hardware selection, acquisition and installation
• User training
• File conversion/creation
• System changeover – Direct, Parallel, Pilot and Phased.
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 Information System’s Audit
• Information systems audit is an examination
of the management controls within an IT
infrastructure.
• The evaluation of obtained evidence
determines if the IS are;
– safeguarding assets,
– maintaining data integrity, and
– operating effectively to achieve the
organization's goals and objectives
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 Purpose/Objective of
Information System’s Audit
To evaluate the system's
– internal control design and effectiveness,
– efficiency and security protocols
– Development processes
– IT governance/oversight
The IT audit aims to evaluate;
• will the computer accounting systems be available for the business
at all times? - Availability
• will the information in the system be disclosed only to authorized
users? - security and confidentiality
• will the information provided by the system always be accurate,
reliable and timely? – integrity

In this way, the audit hope to assess the risk to the company's valuable
asset (information) and establish methods of minimizing the risks70
 E-Commerce & Application in
Accounting
• E-Commerce – Use of computer networks to
complete business transactions.
• Categories of E-Commerce include;
– B2B – transactions between businesses over the
internet or other networks
– B2C – internet based transactions between online
merchants / organizations and individual consumers
– C2C – Internet transactions between consumers
– Intra-Business/Intra Company – internal exchange of
goods, services and information within a company over
its intranet. 71
 Benefits of E-Commerce to
Organizations & Customer
• Reduces cost of creating, processing, distributing of paper based
information
• Allows for reduced inventory costs
• Supports business changes
• Lowers telecommunication costs
• Helps small businesses to compete with large organizations
• Allows organizations to access customers globally
• Permits creation of efficient markets
• Provides a variety of choices
• Customers shop without time limitation
• Access to customized products and global interaction between
customers
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 Limitations of E-Commerce
• The use of internet reduces guarantee
on data security and reliability
• Difficult to interpret internet/web
information
• Need for specialized e-commerce and
web-servers thus increasing the cost of
set up
• Slow development tools compromises e-
commerce activities 73
 Applications of Transaction
Processing Systems
• Accounting information are recorded in
form of transactions
• Business data, then goes through the
transaction cycle which includes;
– Data Collection
– Data editing
– Data manipulation
– Transaction process system is majorly applied
in the following accounting area
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 1. Order Processing System
These systems include;
1.Order entry – capturing of basic data
2.Sales configuration – ensuring the products and
services ordered meet customer needs
3.Inventory Control – Updates the computerized
inventory records
4.Invoicing – invoices generated based on records
available
5.Routing and scheduling – determines the best way
to get products from one location to the next

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 2. Purchasing Systems
Purchasing Transactions include;
1.Purchase order processing– completion of
purchasing transactions quickly
2.Receiving– Records all expected receipts
3.Accounts Payable– Increases organization’s
control over purchases, cash flow
management and improves profitability as
well as effective management of current
liabilities
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 3. Finance & Accounting Systems
These are information systems which
keep track of organization’s financial
resources. Examples include;
– Profit planning systems
– Budgeting Systems
– Portfolio Analysis Systems
– Accounts Receivables Systems

The operations of these systems requires the use of

accounting packages
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 Accounting Packages
Sage Pastel
• Sage Evolution Premium is an Enterprise Resource
Planning solution that brings all aspects of your operating
environment together, giving you the ability to control
your financial situation as well as your relationships with
your customers, suppliers and employees.
• Developed within the Sage Evolution framework, all
components and modules in the Evolution range are fully
integrated. They share a common interface, providing a
consistent user experience.
• The power to run your business
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 Features of Sage Pastel
Features
• General Ledger • Unit of Measure • Cash Book •
Goods Received Voucher • Accounts Receivable •
Alert Management • Accounts Payable • Advanced
Security • Inventory Control • Microsoft® Office
Integration • Import Cost Allocations • Graphs •
Invoicing • System Audit Manager • Sales & Purchase
Order Entry • Project Tracking • Report Writer &
Stationery Customisation

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 QuickBooks
• QuickBooks is an accounting software package for small- to
medium-sized businesses. Developed, sold and supported by Intuit
• QuickBooks is small business software that functions as a CRM
(customer relationship management) system, Inventory Control
and Accounting system all-in-one
• The typical uses of QuickBooks include:
– Storing customer and vendor information
– Tracking sales and expenses
– Creating customer invoices
– Receiving payments from customers
– Analyzing sales and expenses
– Organizing financial data for tax purposes
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 The Advantages of QuickBooks
– Calculations are done automatically so you don’t have to do the
math
– Reduces or eliminates math errors or mistakes
– Data entry is consistent (e.g. state abbreviations, phone
number formats, etc.) which makes finding or analyzing data
much easier
– Changes are easily propagated throughout the system (e.g.,
changing the sales tax rate in one place will change it for all
sales records)
– Searching for information is easy and quick with many options
to sort and display the information
– Multiple report formats are available to view or print
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 Key Components of QuickBooks
• Customer Information - This is information about the people
and businesses which have purchased the products or
services
• Vendor Information - This is information about the people
and businesses from which you purchase products or services
• Employee Information - This is where information about your
employees is maintained.
• Inventory Control - This area is where you manage all of your
products and services
• Reporting - The reporting area is extensive with various
standard report templates as well as ways to customize
reports for your business
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 Versions of QuickBooks
• QuickBooks has several versions of its software
available based on the needs of your company
• All of the QuickBooks versions contain the
following functionality:
– Manage Customer and vendor information
– Track your sales and expenses information
– Create customer invoices
– Receive and post payments from customers
– Analyze sales and expenses and create custom reports
– Organize the business financial data for tax purposes

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 Practical Approach to Quickbooks

Slides on Quickbooks

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Practical Illustration- Recording an
Invoice
INVOICE
Account Inventory
Receivable Record

Journal Entries for GL

Dr Accounts Receivable
Control
Cr Sales
(Selling price on Invoice)

Dr Cost of Goods Sold

Cr Inventory
(Cost price on inventory record)
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 Practice – Manual Steps in
Accounts Receivables
General
Ledger
Sales
Journal
Acc.
Rec.
Order Invoice Ledger
General
Ledger
Stock
Journal
Stock
Ledger

86
 Manual Steps in CAS

Enter Enquiries &

Order (computer Reports

operations)

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 Integration
Cash Receipts
Payroll
and Payments

Sales and Purchases

Receivables and Payables

General
Ledger
Accounts Accounts
Rec. Ledger Pay. Ledger

Inventory
Records

88
Computerized
Accounting
Systems

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 Computerized
Accounting Systems

(continued)