OOP Chapter 4

CHAPTER 4
THESE SLIDES ARE DESIGNED TO BE USED IN OOP COURSE AT

PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY BY ENAS NAFFAR. SOME SLIDES ARE TAKEN
FROM PEARSON EDUCATION, AND MARTY STEP
INHERITANCE RELATIONSHIP
 An important feature of OO is inheritance.

 Inheritance allows classes to inherit (take) attributes and operations of other classes.
 This will simplify the UML class diagram that we build during analysis and design and will
reduce code duplication.
 A class that has common attributes and operations, that are going to be inherited, is called
“super” class, “parent” class or “base” class.
 Classed that inherit from other classes, are called “sub” classes, “child” classes or “derived”
classes.
THESE SLIDES ARE DESIGNED TO BE USED IN OOP COURSE AT PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY BY ENAS NAFFAR. SOME SLIDES
ARE TAKEN FROM PEARSON EDUCATION, AND MARTY STEP
HOW TO IMPLEMENT INHERITANCE ?
 In Java we use the keyword extends to indicate that a class is inheriting its
characteristics from another class
 In order to use the inherited attributes; they should be declared in the parent class
as either public (public accessors) or protected.
 If we only want child classes to use the attributes; protected access modifier is
used.
 A child class can have its own attributes and operations.
An Example
public class Employee

{
protected String name;
protected double salary;
... // some code here
public class SalesEmployee extends Employee

{
private double sales, commRate;
CONSTRUCTORS
 If the parent class has a constructor with parameters, a child class should
explicitly call the constructor of the parent class in its constructor and pass it the
needed arguments using the keywork super.
An Example
{
public Employee(String name, double salary)

{
this.name=name; this.salary=salary;
}
}

{
public Employee(String nam, double sly,double sls, double cmrt )

{
super(nam, sly);
sales= sls; commRate= cmrt;
}

}
CREATING OBJECTS
 See next Example
An Example
public class TestEmployee
{
publis static void main(String[] args)
{
SalesEmployee sm = new SalesEmployee(“ahmad”, 500, 100, 0.10);
Employee em = new Employee(“enas”, 600);
//.. some code here
}
OVERRIDING
 A child class can use public operations that are defined in the parent class.
 A child class can add other operations that are specific to the child class.
 A child class can also redefine the parent class operations. This is called
overriding.
 Overriding allows the child class to add its own implementation to the inherited
operation, but it should keep the same signature (name and parameters)
An Example
{
public Employee(String name, double salary)

{
this.name=name; this.salary=salary;
}
public String toString()
{
return "name is: "+ name+ " "+ salary;
}
}

{
public Employee(String nam, double sly,double sls, double cmrt )
{
super(nam, sly);
sales= sls; commRate= cmrt;
}
@Override
public String toString()
{
return super.toString()+” sales: “ + sales;
}
}
ABSTRACT CLASS
 An abstract method is a method that has no implementation.

 An abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated.
 A class that cab be instantiated is called a concrete class.
 An abstract class usually has abstract methods (one or more).
 It is possible to define an abstract class without having abstract methods in it.
 An abstract class may have attributes, constructor, etc.
An Example
public abstract class Animal

{
protected int age;
protected String gender;
public Animal(... ){ ...}

public abstract void eat( );
// ... some code here
}
INTERFACE
 An interface is a class whose methods are all public and abstract.

 An interface does not have attributes nor a constructor.
 An interface may have variables which are declared as static and final.
 An interface solves the problem of multiple inheritance.
 It is possible for a class to extend one class (concrete or abstract) and to
implement many interfaces.
An Example
public interface Animal

{
public void eat( );
public int calc_age( );
// ... some code here
}
POLYMORPHISM
 Polymorphism means having many forms.

 In inheritance, any child class object can take any form of a class in its parent hierarchy and of course itself as
well.
 This means that the child class object can be assigned to any class reference in its parent hierarchy and of course
itself as well.
Example :
Animal a1= new Animal( );
Animal a2 = new Cat( );
where Animal is the parent class of Cat class; it could be a concrete class, an abstract class or an interface.
POLYMORPHISM
 Suppose that Animal class has a method called breathe( ) and Cat class overrides
breathe( ) method. This method can be called using a1 or a2 objects.
 The type of the referenced object will determine at runtime which breathe( ) to
call.
 See lectures polymorphism examples

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CHAPTER 4

THESE SLIDES ARE DESIGNED TO BE USED IN OOP COURSE AT

 An important feature of OO is inheritance.

public class Employee

public class SalesEmployee extends Employee

... // some code here

public Employee(String name, double salary)

public class SalesEmployee extends Employee

public Employee(String nam, double sly,double sls, double cmrt )

... // some code here

 See next Example

public Employee(String name, double salary)

public class SalesEmployee extends Employee

 An abstract method is a method that has no implementation.

public abstract class Animal

public Animal(... ){ ...}

 An interface is a class whose methods are all public and abstract.

public interface Animal

 Polymorphism means having many forms.

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