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    Programming Fundamentals: Lecture # 4 Nauman Riaz Chaudhry

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    This document contains lecture notes on programming fundamentals from CS 102. It discusses bits, bytes, and computer memory being organized into cells that are each 8 bits (a byte) in size. It introduces variables as reserved locations in memory that have a name, type, and can store data. It covers declaring variables, valid variable names, initializing variable values through keyboard input using scanf and assignment statements, and printing variable values using printf.

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    Programming Fundamentals: Lecture # 4 Nauman Riaz Chaudhry

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    45 views14 pages
    This document contains lecture notes on programming fundamentals from CS 102. It discusses bits, bytes, and computer memory being organized into cells that are each 8 bits (a byte) in size. It introduces variables as reserved locations in memory that have a name, type, and can store data. It covers declaring variables, valid variable names, initializing variable values through keyboard input using scanf and assignment statements, and printing variable values using printf.

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    This document contains lecture notes on programming fundamentals from CS 102. It discusses bits, bytes, and computer memory being organized into cells that are each 8 bits (a byte) in size. It introduces variables as reserved locations in memory that have a name, type, and can store data. It covers declaring variables, valid variable names, initializing variable values through keyboard input using scanf and assignment statements, and printing variable values using printf.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    45 views14 pages

    Programming Fundamentals: Lecture # 4 Nauman Riaz Chaudhry

    Uploaded by

    Okay Okay
    This document contains lecture notes on programming fundamentals from CS 102. It discusses bits, bytes, and computer memory being organized into cells that are each 8 bits (a byte) in size. It introduces variables as reserved locations in memory that have a name, type, and can store data. It covers declaring variables, valid variable names, initializing variable values through keyboard input using scanf and assignment statements, and printing variable values using printf.

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    of 14

    CS 102

    Programming
    Fundamentals

    Lecture # 4
    Nauman Riaz Chaudhry
    [email protected]
    [email protected]

    1
    Course Notes
     http://www.its.strath.ac.uk/courses/c/

    2
    Bits, bytes and memory
     Your computer's memory can
    0

    Address   
    be seen as a sequence of cells.
     Each cell is 8 bits (one byte) 1
    large. Data is stored by setting 2
    these bits to 1s and 0s. stored
    3
     Each cell has an address. You bytes
    4
    don't need to know (or care to
    know) what this address is. 5
    Your system uses the address
    to locate the data stored there.

    3
    Variables
     We need to be able to store data in memory, during
    the execution of our program.
     We also need to be able to access and even modify
    this data.
     Solution : variables
     A variable is a reserved location in memory that
     has a name
     has an associated type (for example, integer)
     holds data which can be modified

    4
    Variables
     In order to use a variable in our program we must
    first declare it.
     HOW?
     A declaration statement has the format:
    type variable_name ;
     type : what kind of data will be stored in that location
    (integer? character? floating point?)
     variable_name : what is the name of the variable?
     semi-colon : this is a statement!
     WHERE?
     At the beginning of a function, right after the opening brace.

    5
    Variable names
     In C, variable names are built from
     the letters of the alphabet
     the digits 0 through 9
     the underscore

     A variable name
    must start with a letter or an underscore
     A variable name
    must not be the same as a reserved word
    used by the C language.
     Only the first 31 characters of a variable name are
    significant. The rest are ignored.
    6
    Variable names
     Selecting good variable names is important for
    program readability.

     A variable name must be descriptive of the data that


    will be stored in the variable.

     It must not be too long.

     It must not be a single character (there is one


    allowed exception to this rule, which we will talk
    about later)
    7
    Variable names
     Good, legal variable names:
    totalArea temp_in_F
    counter1 isEmpty
    num_trees pNuts
     Legal, but bad variable names:
    l11 (is it L11, L1L, LL1, or LLL?)
    x (what does it mean?)
    maximum_number_of_students_in_my_class
    a23456789_123456789_123456789_12345678
     Illegal variable names:
    $product main not-this
    total% 3rd
    8
    Variable types
     We've already seen a type, int, which is used for
    integers (more types coming up...)
     Here's a sample program that declares a variable that
    will hold an integer:
    /* program that demonstrates a variable declaration. */

    #include <stdio.h>

    int main () {
    int num_students;
    return 0;
    } 9
    Variable values
     After a variable has been declared, its memory location
    contains randomly set bits. In other words, it does not
    contain valid data.
     The value stored in a variable must be initialized
    before we can use it in any computations.
     There are two ways to initialize a variable:
     by reading its value from the keyboard using scanf
     by assigning a value using an assignment statement
    (more on that later)

    10
    Keyboard input: scanf()
     scanf() will scan formatted input from the keyboard.
     It uses special format specifiers that specify the type
    of the variable whose value is to be read from the
    keyboard.
     To read an integer:
    int num_students;
    scanf("%d", &num_students);

    “Place value into


    Formal specifier for this variable”
    “read an integer value”
    VERY IMPORTANT
    special symbol 11
    Printing variable values
     printf() will print formatted output to the screen.

     To print a message:
    printf("This is a message\n");

     How do we print the value of a variable?


     Answer: Use format specifiers depending on the type
    of the variable (similar to scanf)

    12
    Printing variable values
     To print an integer:

    printf("The temperature is %d degrees.", degreesF);

    Specifier for “Read value from


    “print an integer value” this variable”

    IMPORTANT: degreesF MUST be initialized so that it


    contains a valid value.
    13
    Example
    /* sample program that demonstrates declaring a variable,
    assigning a value to it using scanf and
    printing that value using printf */

    #include <stdio.h>

    int main () {
    int num_students;
    printf("How many students are there? ");
    scanf("%d", &num_students);
    printf("There are %d students.\n");
    return 0; 14

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