The document discusses analog to digital conversion (ADC). It involves three main steps: 1) sampling, 2) quantization, and 3) coding. Sampling converts a continuous-time signal into a discrete-time signal by taking samples at discrete time intervals. The Nyquist rate, which is twice the highest frequency, gives the minimum sampling rate needed to avoid aliasing without losing information. Proper sampling is needed to accurately reconstruct the original analog signal from its digital representation.
The document discusses analog to digital conversion (ADC). It involves three main steps: 1) sampling, 2) quantization, and 3) coding. Sampling converts a continuous-time signal into a discrete-time signal by taking samples at discrete time intervals. The Nyquist rate, which is twice the highest frequency, gives the minimum sampling rate needed to avoid aliasing without losing information. Proper sampling is needed to accurately reconstruct the original analog signal from its digital representation.
The document discusses analog to digital conversion (ADC). It involves three main steps: 1) sampling, 2) quantization, and 3) coding. Sampling converts a continuous-time signal into a discrete-time signal by taking samples at discrete time intervals. The Nyquist rate, which is twice the highest frequency, gives the minimum sampling rate needed to avoid aliasing without losing information. Proper sampling is needed to accurately reconstruct the original analog signal from its digital representation.
The document discusses analog to digital conversion (ADC). It involves three main steps: 1) sampling, 2) quantization, and 3) coding. Sampling converts a continuous-time signal into a discrete-time signal by taking samples at discrete time intervals. The Nyquist rate, which is twice the highest frequency, gives the minimum sampling rate needed to avoid aliasing without losing information. Proper sampling is needed to accurately reconstruct the original analog signal from its digital representation.
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ADC
• Generally signals are analog in nature (eg:speech,weather
signals). • To process the analog signal by digital means, it is essential to convert them to discrete-time signal , and then convert them to a sequence of numbers. • The process of converting an analog to digital signal is ‘Analog-to-Digital Conversion’. • The ADC involves three steps which are: 1)Sampling 2)Quantization 3)coding TYPES OF SIGNALS • Analog signals: continuous in time and amplitude – Example: voltage, current, temperature,… • Digital signals: discrete both in time and amplitude – Example: attendance of this class, digitizes analog signals,… • Discrete-time signal: discrete in time, continuous in amplitude – Example: hourly change of temperature in Austin • During sampling process, a continuous-time signal is converted into discrete -time signals by taking samples of continuous-time signal at discrete time intervals.
x(nTs) x(t) T=Sampling Interval x (t)=Analog input signal •Sampling theorem gives the criteria for minimum number of samples that should be taken. •Sampling criteria:-”Sampling frequency must be twice of the highest frequency”
fs=2W fs=sampling frequency w=higher frequency content 2w also known as Nyquist rate In fact, Shannon’s Sampling Theorem shows that the minimum sampling (Oppenheim and Schafer 1996; Oppenheim, Schafer, and Buck 1999) rate required to reconstruct a signal from its instantaneous samples must be at least twice the highest frequency,
fs ≥ 2fmax. The maximum frequency in a signal is known as the Nyquist frequency and The inverse of the minimum sampling frequency rs = 1/fs is known as the Nyquist rate. The minimum rate at which a signal can be sampled without introducing errors, which is twice the highest frequency present in the signal- Nyquist frequency •Nyquist rate is defined as the minimum sampling rate for the perfect reconstruction of the continuous time signals from samples. •Nyquist rate=2*highest frequency component =2*W •So sampling rate must be greater than or equal to nyquist rate
2/6/2015 •There are two parts, representation of x(t) in its samples reconstruction of x(t) Representation of x(t) in its samples 1.Define x∂(t) 2. Take fourier transform of x∂(t)) (i.e) x∂(f) 3. Relation between x(f) and x∂(f) 4. Relation between x(t) and x(nTs)
2/6/2015 Reconstruction of x(t) 1. Take inverse fourier transform of x∂(f) 2.Show that x(t) is obtained back with the help of interpolation function
2/6/2015 •While providing sampling theorem we considered fs=2W •Consider the case that fs < 2W
2/6/2015 .“Signals that travel in disguise as other frequencies are called aliased signals.” Effects of Aliasing, 1. Distortion. 2. The data is lost and it cannot be recovered. To avoid Aliasing, 1. sampling rate must be fs>=2W.
2.strictly bandlimit the signal to ’W’.
2/6/2015 point spread function (PSF) describes the response of an imaging system to a point source or point object. A more general term for the PSF is a system's impulse response, the PSF being the impulse response of a focused optical system.
which represents the response of a particular pixel sensor to an
ideal point light source. Examples of such operators include brightness Examples of such operators include brightness and contrast adjustments (as well as color and contrast adjustments (Figure 3.2) as well correction and transformation as color correction and transformation Pixel transforms A general image processing operator is a function that takes one or more input images and produces an output image. In the continuous domain, this can be denoted as g(x) = h(f(x)) or g(x) = h(f0(x),...,fn(x)),
For discrete (sampled) images, the domain consists of a
finite number of pixel locations, x = (i, j), and we can write g(i, j) = h(f(i, j)). Two commonly used point processes are multiplication and addition with a constant, g(x) = af(x) + b
The parameters a > 0 and b are often called the gain
and bias parameters
The bias and gain parameters can also be spatially
Multiplicative gain (both global and spatially varying) is
a linear operation, since it obeys the superposition principle, h(f0 + f1) = h(f0) + h(f1). An interesting dyadic (two-input) operator is the linear blend operator: g(x)=(1−α)f0(x)+αf1(x) By varying α from 0→1 this operator can be used to perform a temporal cross- dissolve between two images or videos
Fo and f1 are two source images .Since we
are adding src1 and src2, they both have to be of the same size (width and height) and type.
α- blending ratio Gamma correction g(x)=[f(x)]1/γ , where a gamma value of γ ≈ 2.2 is a reasonable fit for most digital cameras.
Used to remove the non-linear mapping
between input radiance and quantized pixel values .
