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KC RAHL

E-portfolio
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By :
Name : Kirsteen Cassandra Rahl

Class : BSHM-1A
 Table of Content
KC RAHL
1.0 Learning History

2.0 Historical Sources

Magellan’s Voyage Around

3.0 the World

4.0 Customs of the Tagalogs

5.0 Kartilya ng Katipunan

 Table of Content
KC RAHL
6.0 The Act of Proclamation

7.0 Speech of Corazon Aquino

8.0 The first Cry of Revolution

9.0 The Tejeros Assembly

10.0 Rizal Retraction

 Table of Content
KC RAHL
Historical Sites and Landmarks
11.0

12.0 Reflection
 1.0 Learning History

KC RAHL Activity 1
1) History is a study of past and future developments. People learn what has happened in the past by looking at items from the past, like documents
(such as books, newspapers and letters) and objects (such as pottery, tools, and human or animal remains), while in this study History is defined in
many aspects. It is said that the meaning of History is the Yesterday’s mankind, the record of the past, the story of all Filipinos, and historical forces.
It also defined us the scientific discipline, which deals with the study of significant events in the past in order to ascertain the truth. History has two
types of changes which is Quantitative and Qualitative changes. 
2) As a student of history, I think that my duties were do my part in discovering my roots and my country's heroes make history as a way for me to
appreciate and give importance to my world, country, and race and imbibe the values that I can learn from historical information (e.g. bravery,
resourcefulness, etc.)
3) By learning our history, we would know our origin. This would give us an understanding of our own identity. History gives us the key to our culture.
In that way, we would know how to preserve it. History also is the foundation of our society. By having our own understanding on the things that
happened in the past, we would know what to do in case the same thing happened in the future. History also explains our own society and how we
struggled to have our own identity.
4) The short version is that the term history has evolved an ancient Greek verb that means “to know”, says the Oxford
English Dictionary’s Philip Durkin. The Greek word “historia” originally meant inquiry, the act of seeking knowledge, as well
as the knowledge that results from inquiry.
 1.0 Learning History

KC RAHL
Activity 2
 2.0 Historical Sources
Guide Answers:

02
KC RAHL 1) What is the main distinction between primary source and secondary source?
-Primary sources are firsthand, contemporary accounts of events created by individuals during that period of time or several years later (such as
correspondence, diaries, memoirs and personal histories) while Secondary sources often use generalizations, analysis, interpretation, and synthesis
of primary sources.
2) Why primary source important in the study of history?
-Primary sources help students relate in a personal way to events of the past and promote a deeper understanding of history as a series of human
events. Because primary sources are incomplete snippets of history, each one represents a mystery that students can only explore further by finding
new pieces of evidence.
3) What is the purpose of a secondary source?
-Secondary sources provide good overviews of a subject, so are particularly useful if you need to find about an area that's new to you. They are also
helpful because you can find keywords to describe a subject area, as well as key authors and key references that you can use to do further reading
and research.
4) At present, how do you discriminate between contradicting reports of a single event from different sources?
-Check who published the source, the purpose of the source, when it was created/updated, and it’s content. Also see if it has any potential bias and,
if a webpage provides references or reliable links to other sources.
5) Why should official records of the government be made accessible to the public?
-Official government records should be made public to the every citizen. It is the constitutional right of every citizen to access official government
records for any reason, ranging from investigations and even keeping in touch.
 2.0 Historical Sources
ACTIVITY 2

02
KC RAHL Philippines and China are the two countries who have the strongest claims to the disputed islands. But which is among them who have the rightful to
claim of the oil-rich islands?
According to the reports, Philippines has the strongest claim of Spratly since it is geographically part of the Philippine archipelago and it’s just 100
kilometers away from Palawan island. It means that it is much closer to the Philippines than any other countries. The Philippines seems currently starting to
base its claim over Scarborough Shoal on historical arguments. In particular, since Manila initiated arbitral proceedings in January 2013 at the PCA, the
claim is increasingly manifest. According to such studies, historical sources until late-19th century, mainly maps, identify Scarborough Shoal in a 1784 map
with the watermark PVL (for Pieter van Ley), the Map of the Pacific Ocean between the Coast of California and Mexico and Japan, Philippines, and the
Coast of China.
As to when Scarborough Shoal, or Huangyan dao, became Chinese territory, their academic historiography places at the time of Yuan Dynasty during the
13th century. Unfortunately for China, there is a huge span of time even by Chinese standards in which there is no mention to the territory. Wu Shicun
pointed out in 2012 that there is evidence that in The book on Voyage Routes (Geng Lu Bu) and other annuals there contain a complete record of the sailing
routes of Chinese fishermen there, a claim that if true might probably put the Chinese presence by the end of the Ming, early-Qing dynasties. Scarborough
Shoal was only included until 1935 in the official list of South China Sea features, which, based on the naming of several isles in the whole region,
probably led some to believe that the shoal was only known through Western cartography. On, 12 July 2016, the special arbitral tribunal ruled in favor of
the Philippines on most of its submissions. It is clarified that it would not “rule on any question of sovereignty over land territory and would not delimit
any maritime boundary between the parties.” The tribunal also conducted that China’s historic rights claims over the maritime areas (as opposed to land
territories and territorial waters)
 2.0 Historical Sources
inside the “nine-dash line” have no lawful effect if they exceed what’s entitled to under UNCLOS. China has rejected the ruling, as has Taiwan.

02
KC RAHL
 3.0 Magellan’s Voyage Around the World

ACTIVITY 1
KC RAHL 1) Antonio Pigafetta was an Italian scholar and explorer. He joined the expedition to the Spice Islands led by explorer Ferdinand Magellan under the
flag of the emperor Charles V and after Magellan's death in the Philippine Islands, the subsequent voyage around the world. During the expedition,
he served as Magellan's assistant and kept an accurate journal, which later assisted him in translating the Cebuano language. It is the first recorded
document concerning the language.
2) According to Pigafetta, locals like Rajah Humabon and his wife Juana welcomed Magellan and his crew peacefully. Magellan or one of his crew
members were able to cure the Rajah’s ill grandson, so in return, the latter has allowed some of his followers to be baptized as Christians. However,
not all locals were very welcoming as Magellan was soon killed by in a battle with another native leader, Lapu-lapu.
3) This practice allows them to live in harmony with nature since it is regarded with respect, very different from those who claim to be civilized, but
continually promotes war and creates industries that ravage the environment for profit. Islanders are gradually changing because of modernization,
many belong to different religions now and are able to travel. The simple life they knew, is continually being swallowed by globalization, just like
the rest of the world. The Pigafetta's account showed that the people of the Visayan Islands in the 16th century lived a simple life but they were
gradually changing because of the influence of the voyagers.
4) The Battle of Mactan was fought in the Philippines on 27 April 1521. The warriors of Lapulapu, a native chieftain of Mactan Island, overpowered
and defeated a Spanish force fighting for Rajah Humabon of Cebu under the command of Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, who was killed
in the battle.
 3.0 Magellan’s Voyage Around the World

5) Pigafetta wrote four manuscripts which has survived modern times. Three of them are written in French and only one is in his Italian dialect of Veneto
KC RAHL
with some Spanish words in the mix. The controversy arose when Augustinian scholar Carlo Amoretti attempted to translate the manuscripts. However the
translations were deemed inaccurate since many of details were lost in translation. Another problem was Amoretti translated it to many different languages
and thus spread inaccuracies during the time. An Italian archivist named Andrea da Mosto started his work of translating Pigafetta’s manuscripts and is
now deemed the most accurate and closest translation the world will ever see.
 4.0 Customs of the TagalogS
LEARNING ACTIVITY
KC RAHL 1) Who is Fr. Juan de Palencia? When did he serve in the Philippine Islands?
- Fr. Juan de Plasencia is a Franciscan friar who penned the Doctrina Cristiana, the first published book in the Philippines. He served the
Philippine Islands from his arrival in 1578 to his death in 1590.
2) How did he describe the hierarchy of people in the barangay?
- He described the political structures in Philippine society as highly localized structures ordered around a single leader. De Plasencia writes
that "the head of the barangay was taken for a datu" and a barangay is considered to be originally one family of parents and children, slaves and
relatives. The structure consists of the datu, the nobles, the commoners and the slaves.
3) Which particular pre-colonial policy or rule stood out to you? Why?
- The particular precolonial policy or rule that stood out to me is the inheritance and marriage or the status of women because women in this
time had the right to inherit property, involved in trade, and succeed to be chief of the barangay in the absence of the male heir, and had
every right to name their children. Moreover, as a sign of respect, men walked behind them and should show patience and dedication to get
the hands of women and their parents. Pamamanhiklan is followed after complying with the requirements. There is no bias in gender, has
equality in treating, and it shows women’s worth.
4) What does Fr. Plasencia‘s account reveal about the religious and spiritual beliefs of the early Filipinos?
-Fr. Plasencia’s account reveals about the religious belief of the early Filipinos, the people of barangay worship named Bathala means signify
“all-powerful,” or “maker of all things,” which they worship the most, and worship the sun, for its beauty, and to be the morning star, Tala.
Moreover, they knew the “seven little goats” or the Pleiades and the
 4.0 Customs of the TagalogS
change of seasons called Mapulon and Balatik, the Great Bear. They have many idols so as Licha, Dian Masalanta, Lacapati, Indianale and

KC RAHL Buaya. He also revealed in his account about spiritual beliefs. Like the bird named Tigmamanuguin, which sings from the tree, a good or bad
sign may come in their journey. Furthermore, they practiced divination to determine their luck, a feast where they offer sacrifies to the devil. He
also enumerated 12 kinds of devils and differentiated this, which are the catolonan, mangagauay or witches, manyisalat, mancocolam,
hocloban, siligan, magtatangal, osuang, mangagayoma, sonat, pangatahojan, and bayoguin.
5) What are the reasons of the natives for offering sacrifices?
- The reasons of the natives for offering sacrifices are the recovery of the sick person, prosperous voyage, favourable result in war, good
harvest, successful delivery of childbirth, and the happy outcome in married life. Also, the girls who had their monthly period are blindfolded
four days and four nights and were taken by Catolonan to water after. Adult men believed that it would bring the fortune of finding a husband.
 4.0 Customs of the TagalogS
Activity 2
KC RAHL
 5.0 Kartilya ng Katipunan
LEARNING ACTIVITY
KC RAHL 1) What was the socio-political context when the Kartilya was written? How crucial was this document in the 19th century Philippines?
\4152-The socio-political context when the kartilya was written was to fully understand their political and ethical code and purposes. To change the
way people understood and behave towards the Katipunan. The document of Kartilya in the 19th century the Philippines was crucial in the sense that it
serves as the moral and diligent foundation utilized to oversee the actions of Katipuneros. Besides, after joining the Katipunan, members were
compelled to read the Kartilya and follow its code of conduct.
2) How would you describe the kartilya in terms of its form/writing style and content? What are its main teachings and how are they presented?
-The Kartilya is a set of thirteen lessons that serve as a guide for the Katipuneros in living a spiritual and ethical life. It was more like a code of conduct
that showed how to be a real Filipino in both words and deeds. “The life of a Katipunero without a reason is a meaningless life.” Theis doctrine
encapsulates the nature of life.
3) Research on why Andres Bonifacio, who was then the Supremo or Supreme Leader of the Katipunan, opted to adopt Emilio Jacinto’s Teachings
of the Katipunan instead of his own draft of the Dekalogo ng Katipunan (Katipunan Code of Conduct). Do you find this decision sound? How
are their perspectives different and alike?
-Andres Bonifacio originally intended that his Decalogue should be printed and handed to new recruits, but he then read Jacinto’s Kartilya and decided
it was superior also in his admiration to Jacinto’s literary style. The two text, though, are not really comparable because Bonifacio just simply
enumerated the duties of the katipunan containing only ten obligations, while Emilio Jacinto’s was four times longer.
 5.0 Kartilya ng Katipunan
4) Why the Kartilya be considered timeless and relevant to the industrializing and globalizing present?
KC RAHL -We can consider Kartilya as timeless and relevant to the current trend of industrialization and globalization due to Kartilya teaches us that no matter
what the circumstances are or how developed our society is, it is still important to have a purpose in life, With the present industrialization and
globalization that we are experiencing, as human beings, we still should do the right thing and be responsible, and Technology is more accessible to
everyone and people are rushing in developing new things. Despite this, kartilya teaches us to show kindness at all times to other people.
5) As a student, how will you embody the main teachings and guiding principles of the Kartilya? Concretize
your answer and cite specific lines from the document.
- As a student, my primary responsibility is to ensure that the historical information and lessons gathered and collected by our historians serve as a
wake-up call to appreciate and comprehend the sacrifices made in order to obtain the better life that we cherish today. “The tenth principle is all
about being able to lead the family. “A Katipunero must lead his family to the right path. If the leader is consumed by evil, so does his followers.”” I
will grow to be a fine citizen that will abide law and lead my family and future family to happiness.

ACTIVITY 1
KARTILYA OF THE KATIPUNAN
This world turns to be getting rougher as it faces different challenges with its people, and it is undeniable that even the people living in the same
nation are fighting against each other. We, the current generation, are the ones who are responsible and are expected to make a change for the future and
build a much stronger and much powerful nation for the better, and we know for a fact that uniting the people would help in achieving this goal.
 5.0 Kartilya ng Katipunan

This is what is being reflected by what had happened with the Katipunan. Its people are being united with the same codes or rules written in the
KC RAHL
Kartilya of the Katipunan to be strictly followed by its people in order for them to strengthen themselves together and achieve their only goal which is
to become free. They did not even forget of trusting what God can do and they can outdo and be free from the Spaniards, they were able to achieve
their goal. 
What the Katipunan did can serve us our example and basis for our current or future battle. They have shown how their principles and values have
helped them to surpass their battle. With that being said, this generation would probably bring a bigger change for the nation as they unite and share

the same idea to bring much safer, much convenient, and much stronger nation. To analyze this reading, Kartilya ng Katipunan, it is considered as
interesting because it provides information and knowledge about the past that you will never regret to read. Although, we might have different
interpretation and understanding about it but through this, we are able to learn many lessons in life. It contains teachings that we could bring not just
in revolutionary but also in our daily lives. So, I’m hoping that reading this will enlighten everyone’s mind with regards of the history.

Link posted on Facebook:

https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=1496711380686958&id=100010443305889
 The Act of Proclamation
6.0
of Independence
LEARNING ACTIVITY
KC RAHL
1) Who is Emilio Aguinaldo? How did he end up as the leader of the revolution?
-Emilio Aguinaldo was the first president and was the local leader of the Katipunan He became the president due to the Filipino’s who
proclaimed a provisional republic in which Aguinaldo was to become a president.
2) According to the declaration, how did the Spanish colonization begin?
-The Spanish colonization began when with the arrival of Governor Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, followed by his predecessor Ferdinand Magellan
who landed in the shore of Cebu that he occupied through a Pact of Friendship with Chief Tupas.
3) Who were the inspirations of the revolution?
-There are 3 inspirations of the Philippine Revolution and these are; Jose Rizal, the founder of La liga Filipina. Rizal inspires his followers
through his literary works including Andres Bonifacio the second inspiration of the revolution, the founder of KKK or Katipunan who fought for
the country’s freedom and independence. And Emilio Aguinaldo, one of the local soldiers of the Katipunan and the first president of the
Philippines.
4) What role did the American play in the narrative?
-The United State of America proclaim and declare solemnly in the name by authority of the people  of these
Philippine islands, that they are and have the right to be free and independent that they have ceased to have
allegiance to the Crown of Spain.
5) Considering the American and Japanese occupations as well as the current state of the Philippines, how
important is the 1898 Declaration of Independence?
 The Act of Proclamation
6.0
of Independence

KC RAHL -The 1898 Declaration of Philippines Independencee is important because this is the proof that the Philippines gained their Independence and
Freedom from the Spaniards for 333 years, with the help of Americans.
 7.0 Speech of Corazon Aquino

ACTIVITY 1

02
KC RAHL
1) Discuss the context the speech was delivered?
-The context of the speech that was delivered by Corazon Aquino was her experience and perspective as she tries to persuade the people around
her who are listening to her speech. She showed her mutiny, sadness as well as victory for herself and the Filipino people through addressing the
speech in the US Congress in which she began the revolution that has brought her to democracy’s most famous home. We are longing for the
freedom and during this era she brought it for us and she open our lives to be us and we should respect everyone.
2) Watch the speech of Cory Aquino. Describe the scene. How was the speech? How did the audience react to her half-hour-long address?
-The scene that we can see was captivating as she stands for what she thinks was right and not afraid to tell the whole world her thoughts. The
speech that she tells was a heart-warming since she told their experience as a family who patiently waits for the safety comeback of her late
husband. As it is know that the Marcos-Aquino families hated each other. The audience giving her an applause as she stops and we can see some
of them amusement as she gave an eloquent address and until the end she got a standing ovation for the people in the Congress.
3) What was in her speech that convinces the House of Representative to grant $200 million dollar emergency aid to Philippines? What were the
issues raised or views pointed out in her address?
-In her speech, declaring that the revolution brought her to power was “the cheapest revolution ever,” Aquino also told cheering lawmakers that
her nation deserves to be freed from the “slavery” of its devastated economy. She appealed for both the U.S. government and private investors to
“build a new home for democracy” in the Philippines now staggering under a $26-billion foreign debt.
 7.0 Speech of Corazon Aquino

The House approved to grant the aid of Philippine economic distress we are facing that time. The views she pointed out in her address was: “Has

02
KC RAHL there been a greater test of national commitment to the ideals you hold dear that my people have gone through?” she asked in her speech. “You have
many lives and much treasure to bring freedom to many lands that were reluctant to receive it. And here you have a people who won it by
themselves and need only the help to preserve it.” Leaving the people an impressive performance as she defended our rights as a human being.
4) How did the speech affect you as a viewer? In what way would it be rendered relevant to the current
condition of our country? Cite specific lines from the speech.
-As a viewer, I found the speech to be passionate, highly personal, and successful, with clapping interrupting it 11 times and standing ovations at
the finish. It was the “finest speech I’ve ever heard in my 34 years in Congress.” Senate Majority Leader Robert Dole congratulated her. “Let
just say the passion of the occasion saved the day.” House Minority Whip Trent Lott remarked. It would go down in history as one of the former
President’s most memorable remarks.
“We fought for honor, and, if only for honor, we shall pay,” these lines where caught my ears that she emphasized that the fight that they started
was not wasted and it was not wasted and it was not a nonsense one. That we, the Filipinos put up a good light against the administration. Also
agreeing to pay the debt that was stolen by Marcos.
5) What are the points in her speech that you agree and disagree with? Which lines hit home?
-I agree on her speech on how she became the president with the help of the Filipinos. I feel her sadness in this line of her speech, “But his death
was my country’s resurrection and the courage and faith by which alone they could be free again,” Maybe if it didn’t happen we will not be free
until now from the Marcos administration. What I could not agree with in Corazon’s speech was Ninoy being tortured by all sort of ways, I believe
that this certain event did not happen,
 7.0 Speech of Corazon Aquino

for there was no any form of evidence.

02
KC RAHL
“With malice towards none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us finish the work we are in to
bind up the nation’s wounds. To care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and for his orphans to do all which may achieve
and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.” This line hit home the most “Wherever I went in the campaign, slum
area or impoverished village. They came to me with one cry, Democracy. Not food although they clearly needed it but Democracy. Not money,
for they gave what little they had to my campaign. They didn’t expect me to work a miracle that would instantly put food into their mouths,
clothes on their back, education in their children and give them work that will put dignity in their lives. But I feel the pressing obligation to
respond quickly as the leader of the people so deserving of all these things.” The cry of the people for democracy has been fulfilled and she also
told America to join in our new home for democracy where people are able to have a freedom of their choice and be united as they achieved this
goal.

Activity 2
President Rodrigo Duterte's State of the Nation Address (SONA) was mostly a repeat, if not an elaboration, of several statements he has made
previously. His underlying viewpoint has been consistent: more discipline and punitive measures are required in our society. This is a simplified version
of the country's transition from liberal democracy to totalitarianism.
Politicians, on the other hand, have mastered the skill of being dictators with grace and flare in the postmodern period. Our leaders, unlike earlier
fascists, have acquired a technique that allows people to believe in lies without necessarily recognizing them. A dictatorial administration is facilitated
and aided by dissatisfied individuals, some of whom are even intellectuals. They are seeking to persuade us that only an iron hand would save our
country, based on prior
 7.0 Speech of Corazon Aquino

missteps. A casual assessment of the president's arguments generates the conclusion that "control" is the core element of his leadership. Everything is

02
KC RAHL predicated on the idea that politics is incomplete without discipline and punishment, from the drug war to ROTC. The possibility of reinstating the
death penalty has already sparked heated discussion.
Unfortunately, many people feel Duterte is accurate in every single one of them. The fact that the Liberal Party has failed to deliver on its promises
does not mean that the ant-thesis is the better option. It is true that today is not the time to be devoted to a single family (the Aquinos), but rather to
worship yellow propaganda wholeheartedly. However, the claim that our nation deserves this degree of dirty politics (indeed, filthy politics) under the
current administration is false.
With a senate that functions as Duterte’s extension arm, there is no reason to fear that all types of “policing” would be utilized to simply carry out
the government’s goal of discipline,i.e., the elimination of all forms of dissent. This is a grave threat to all of us because without disagreement, abuse
becomes standard.
Without dualism, as one theologian put it, oppression arises. Unfortunately, many people have believed the president's bluster. Take, for example, the
increased popularity of the death sentence. The finest Bible preacher our country has ever had, Manny Pacquiao, is at the top of the list of senators who
support the death penalty. With the president's most recent victory, I'm convinced that Pacquiao's message will be seen as Gospel truth that transcends
that of Jesus Christ by the president's most enthusiastic fans. People will have to continue to suffer physically at the hands of this government before
they realize that "real politics" is more than just managing systems and exerting control over warm bodies. Politics has a purpose, and although being a
human activity, its entirety may be found in the effort to humanize society. This is not to romanticize politics, which is, in some ways, a messy human
endeavour. However, just because it has problems does not imply we should tolerate our leaders' numerous acts of cruelty.

 
 8.0 The first Cry of Revolution

Activity 1
KC RAHL
1) Who are the primary sources of the story? How did they participate in the revolution?
-The three primary sources are the accounts of Dr. Pio Valenzuela, Santiago Alvarez, and Guillermo Masangkay. They took part in the
revolution as eyewitnesses on the happenings during the revolution. Their accounts provide us with background information on what occurred
that day.
2) According to the accounts, where and when did the first cry of the revolution happen?
-Though they do not agree on the specific location of the revolution’s first cry, it is believed to have occurred at Balintawak, Kalookan. Its
dates were likewise unclear, as the three sources provided dates that differed. According to Dr. Pio Valenzuela’s account the first cry of the
revolution happen in August 23, 1896, according to Santiago Alvarez’s account it occurred on August 24, 1896. But in 1963, the National
Historical Commission of the Philippines upon extensive research of the primary sources declared that the First Cry of the Philippine
Revolution happened on August 23, 1896 at Pugad Lawin.
3) What is the significance of the tearing of Cedulas? What did Cedulas signify?
-The cedulas during the Spanish period was an essential document, identification card and residence tax certificate that everyone should have
and be carried all the time. If a person could not present his or her cedula, he or she could be imprisoned by the Guardia Civil. The tearing of
cedulas was the signal and beginning of the transformation of our country towards freedom and independence.
4) What are similarities and differences among the three accounts?
-The three accounts which are from Pio Valenzuela, Santiago Alvarez, and Guillermo Masangkay. The only difference among the three
accounts is the time and place where the first cry was held. For Pio Valenzuela, it was
 8.0 The first Cry of Revolution

in Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896 and in August 22, 1896, the first place where 500 Katipuneros’ met to talk and to not make decisions about
KC RAHL the revolution, for Santiago Alvarez, it was held at the barn of Kabesang Melchora Aquino at a place called Simpalukan, barrio of Bahay Toro
while Gulliermo Masangkay believe that it happened on August 26, 1986 at a barrio in Balintawak. The only similarities that I can see, is the
eagerness of Katipunan and the Katipuneros’ to make a change for the freedom and Independence of the Philippines. Even if the date do not
match or where does the exact place happened. What we should look for is the importance of what Andres Bonifacio and the Katipunan did.
5) How does the National Historical Commission of the Philippines verify or authenticate the historical
accounts?
-According to National Historical Commission of the Philippines, they verified or authenticated historical account through research,
dissemination, conversation, sites management and heraldry works and aims to inoculate awareness and appreciation of the noble deed and ideals
of our heroes and other illustrious Filipinos, to in still pride in the Filipino people and to rekindle the Filipino spirit through the lessons of history.
 9.0 The Tejeros Assembly
Activity 1
KC RAHL
1) How did the two rival factions of Katipunan-Magdalo and Magdiwang - come about?
- The Katipunan's two competing groups began as mere sangguniang balangay (councils). Both were founded under the leadership of Andres
Bonifacio. On April 2, 1896, the Magdiwang was created in Noveleta, Cavite, and on April 3, 1896, the Magdalo was formed in Kawit, Cavite. Due
to their quick increase in membership, the Kataastasang Sanggunian (Katipunan Supreme Council) upgraded the two branches to the level of
sangguniang bayan (province councils), allowing them to construct balangays under them and spread their influence. With independent leaderships,
armed forces, and "mutually agreed areas," the two groups formed their own regional administration. The rivalry was limited and thus
revolutionists could freely move and convene.
2) Who were the sources of the historical accounts? What were their roles in Katipunan?
-Artemio Ricarte y Garcia (October 20, 1866 – July 31, 1945) was a Filipino general th ephilippine Revolution and the Philippine-American
War. He is regard as the Father of the Philippine Army and the first Chief of Staff of the Armed forces that fought in opposition to, and defeated the
Philippine Revolutionary Army led by General Ricarte. Ricarte is also a notable for never having taken an oath of allegiance to the United States
Government, which occupied the Philippines from 1898 to 1946.
Santiago Virata Alvares (July 25, 1872 – October 30, 1930) was a Revolutionary General and a founder and honorary president of the first
directorate of the Nacionalista Party.also known as Kidlat ng Apoy because of his inflamed bravery and dedication as a commander of Cavite’s
famous battles, he was celebrated in present day Cavite City as the Hero of the Battle of Dalahican.
 9.0 The Tejeros Assembly
history, although only the Katipuneros were able to take part, and not the general people.
KC RAHL
POSITION PAPER: TEJEROS ASSEMBLY

History, as we all know, is the study of the past, particularly the people, societies, events, and issues of the past, as well as our attempts to understand them.
It is a goal pursued by all human cultures. But, in history, how can we know if anything happened in the past or if it happened at all? Also, you can only be
certain that what happened really happened if you were present when it happened. There is a lot of history in our nation (Philippines) that has helped us shape
our country into what it is now. The Tejeros Assembly is one of these illustrious pasts. The Katipunan's two competing groups began as mere sangguniang
balangay (councils). Andres Bonifacio presided over the founding of both. According to the book entitled Katipunan and Revolution: Memoirs of a General
written by Santiago Alvarez, the assembly at Tejeros was convened on March 25, 1897. Alvarez was part of the Magdiwang faction, one of the attendees in the
assembly and founder and honorary President of the first directorate of the Nacionalista Party. However, in some sources like Teodoro Agoncillo’s account,
one of the prominent historians in the Philippines said that it was convened in March 22, 1897. The meeting was first presided by Jacinto Lumberas, a member
of the Magdiwang faction. Supposedly the agenda of the assembly is to discuss how to secure the areas under Magdiwang control, but Severino de las Alas
imposed that the important matter should be discussed is the formation of a new revolutionary government. With de las Alas’ idea, a debate has occurred, and
the explosive Alvarez-Montenegro conflict threw the assembly into tumult. Then the chairmanship was transferred to Andres Bonifacio, of which he was
forced to call for the election of the said government officials. Bonifacio said that they should respect and abide by the majority’s wishes that whoever would
be elected must be recognized without any protest regardless of the winner’s status in life and educational attainment.

 
 9.0 The Tejeros Assembly
Andres Bonifacio (November 30, 1863 – May 10, 1897) was Filipino Revolutionary Leader and the president of the Tagalog Republic. He is often
KC RAHL called as the Father of the Philippine Revolution. He was one of the founders and later Supremo Leader of the Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan or more commonly known as KKK, a movement which sought the independence of the Philippines from the
Spanish colonialism rule started the Philippine Revolution. He is considered a de facto national hero of the Philippines.
3) Why did Andres Bonifacio declare the election as null and void?
- Bonifacio, accepted the decision but not before insisting on a recount of the votes. Supporter’s such as Severino de Las Alas made aborative
efforts to help make Bonifacio the Vice President. Tirona's comment had offended Bonifacio, who insisted that he withdraw it. When Tirona
attempted to flee, Bonifacio took a firearm and was ready to fire at him when Ricarte attempted to disarm him. Bonifacio was then elected Supremo
of the Katipunan at the convention.
4) What are the similarities and differences among the three accounts?
-The three accounts described the Tejeros Convention's events. Artemio's account is more thorough and includes more details about what
happened, including the part where he and Alvarez argued. In Andres Bonifacio’s account, he stated the elected officers in the election.
5) How can the three accounts contribute to your understanding of the Philippine Republic?
- The three accounts aided my comprehension of the first Philippine Republic by providing crucial historical information. It also gave me
knowledge about the revolutionary government that was formed by the two factions. That Tejeros Convention was the meeting help between
Magdiwang and Magdalo factions of the Katipunan at San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite on March 25, 1897. These are the first presedential and
vice presedential elections in Philippines
 9.0 The Tejeros Assembly
Before the election, Mr. Diego Mojica, the Magdiwang secretary of the treasury, warned Supremo ignored this remark and proceeded to the election. After
KC RAHL counting votes, Emilio Aguinaldo of the Magdalo Faction acquired 146 voters or 57% and won the presidency. Bonifacio accepted the results and was elected
only as Director of the interior. However, Daniel Tirona protest regarding Bonifacio”s capability as the Director of the Interior. He said that the position should
not be occupied by one who is not lawyer, and endorsing Jose del Rosario should be declared elected. Bonifacio was insulted and drew his firearm – about to
shoot Tirona, but was stopped and disarmed. Bonifacio stated that the process of election was too disorderly and declared the results of the meeting null and
void. After leaving the convention, Bonifacio gathered his followers in a secret meeting at the Recollect estate-house in Tejeros and drafted a document called
Acta de Tejeros, which was signed by Bonifacio and 45 followers. The document is about rejection to the Revolutionary Government headed by Gen. Emilio
Aguinaldoon the following grounds: (1) The lacks of legality on the results of Tejeros Assembly: (2) Magdalo Conspiracy on ousting Bonifacio from
leadership, (3) the election of officials was fraudulent or there is manupalation on the ballots, and (4) pressure brought upon the presidency that time. They
then proceeded to the friar estate-house in Naic on April 1897 and drew up another document called the “Naic Military Agreement”, repudiating the
government established at Tejeros. Andres Bonifacio and his brother Procopio were arrested, with charges of treason members of the war council of the
Aguinaldo government. On May 10, 1897, the brothers were excuted. In addition, from Alvarez account, which is considered a primary source, Mr. Diego
Mojica, said that ballots have been distributed already and were filled out to unqualified persons to secure a majority. Despite the fact that they claim it's just a
conspiracy, I feel there's a good chance that election interference – which is still a problem in the Philippines today – occurred. Even with today's high-tech
election methods, fraud is still a problem. Because of election manipulation – from paying individuals to intentionally malfunctioning machines – the
Philippines have a reputation for having corrupt government officials.
 9.0 The Tejeros Assembly

According to Mariano Alvarez, the Imus people had already manipulated the electors by discreetly spreading the message that they should not be
KC RAHL headed by someone who was not from Cavite, implying that they should elect Aguinaldo rather than Bonifacio. It was a terrible narrative that Bonifacio
died not because he gave his life in fight for the country, but because he was assassinated by his fellow countrymen. Andres Bonifacio has been treated
unfairly in the Tejeros Assembly elections. People did not simply criticize his efforts in fighting for Philippine independence from the Spaniards, but
also his educational achievement, which was not part of the original agreement. Bonifacio might not have been slain in such a terrible and disgraceful
manner if they had simply honored the outcome of the majority voting. He deserved better for everything he had done to our country. The Tejeros
Assembly has taught us lessons from the past, demonstrating that the election was rigged and unacceptable acts were committed. Integrity was not
valued, and there were biases, just as there are in today's political elections. Our past mistakes may have had a negative impact on our present, but that
does not mean they should have a negative impact on our future. As Rfiki in Lion King once said, “– the past can hurt the way I see it, we can either run
from it or learn from it.”
 10.0 Rizal Retraction
Activity 1

KC RAHL 1) Who are the sources of the conflicting accounts or analyses on the Rizal Retraction?
-The origins of the contradictory accounts on Rizal’s Retraction were Fr. Vicente Balaguer, a Jesuit priest who visited Rizal during his final hours.
Padre Pio Pi was a superior of the Jesuit order. Rafael Palma is an attorney, educator, and a politician. Roman Ozaeta, the Assistant Colonial Secretary,
translated Palma’s and Austin Coates’ works.
2) What are their accounts or analyses? How are their similar to and/or different from one another?
-Fr. Vicente Balaguer’s statement tells us that he managed to persuade Rizal to denounce Masonry and return to Catholic fold. The declaration of
retraction was signed together with Dr. Jose Rizal by Senor Fresno, Chief of the Picket, and Senor Moure, Adjutant of the Plaza. His account also tells
us that he was a witness of Rizal’s death. The account of Fr. Pio tells us that the retraction was written by Rizal himself, without pressure from anyone,
took his own document and knelt down before the altar. And with a certain solemnity, he read his own retraction. Rafael Rama’s critical analysis tell us
that Rizal’s conversion was a fraud to make people believe that the extraordinary man broke down and succumbed before the Church which he had
fought. The archbishop was interested in his conversion for political motives, and the Jesuits lent themselves as his instruments. Austin Coate’s critical
analyses tell us that Rizal believed that there was a strong likelihood of fraud, and that the prime mover in this would be the friar archbishop, who wanted
his retraction. Certainly, there was no letter of retraction. Rizal was not given a Christian burial. Balaguer did not mention of the Ultimo Adios in his account. The four
accounts tell us the story of the retraction of Rizal. The first two accounts were similar in terms that the authors of these accounts are by two Rizalist scholars who doubted
the story of the retraction.
3) Which among the accounts or analyses do you consider the most convincing and reliable? Why? Research
more about the sources to come up with a sound answer.
 10.0 Rizal Retraction

-Among the four Accounts or analyses, I consider Austin Coate’s analyses the most convincing and reliable one. It is because in his analyses, he
KC RAHL contradicts the accounts of the Jesuits and gave justifications on the loopholes of the accounts. His analyses shown that Jose Rizal’s retraction was a
fraud and he gave facts to justify it. It was also written in his analyses that Rizal was not given a Christian burial when in fact the official accounts
stated that Rizal was converted. His analysis was more convincing than the official accounts the Jesuits had written.
4) Analyze each account further. Do you find any loopholes or incomsistencies? What are these loopholes, if
any?
-The official accounts of Fr. Vincent Balaguer and Fr. Pio Pi loopholes and inconsistencies. It was written in their accounts that they did not have a
little difficulty convincing and persuading Rizal into conversion. It is quite doubtful because Rizal was an extraordinary man and I don’t think he will
succumbed immediately before the church which he had fought. Another loopholes in their accounts is that the poem Ultimo Adios was never
mentioned in their accounts. This poem was written by Rizal on the night of the 29 th when Rizal wished to write verses and Balaguer knew about this.
But In the following morning, Balaguer erroneously concluded that no poem had been written thereby revealing revealing the truth. Balaguer was not
within Fort Santiago during the middle of that last night and he has no knowledge of what was then taking place.
5) How can these accounts and analyses contribute to your understanding of the Rizal Retraction?
-These accounts and analyses help to my comprehension of the Rizal Retraction because they provide me with additional information about Rizal and
perspectives on each account’s evidence. It is simple for me to grasp the Rizal Retraction and realize the reality behind the narrative of providing each
account their retraction testimony.
 
 10.0 Rizal Retraction

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 11.0 Historical Sites and Landmarks

Guide Answers:
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1) What are the main functions or tasks of NHCP?
-The main task of NHCP or the National Historical Commission of the Philippines is responsible for the conservation and preservation of the
history that lies into different provinces of the Philippines. It is a task to preserve the beauty of our history like old relics memorabilia of heroes and
the landmark that can be found on the Philippines. The NCHP also are the one who to verify if the landmark or items are part of our history.
2) What historic sites recognized by the NHCP have you visited? What do they reveal about our historical and/or cultural past?
-Unfortunately, I was not given a chance to travel or visit some of the historic sites and landmarks, but I guess soon I definitely will. But as I can
see on the internet, the Rizal Park in Manila holds the story of Dr. Jose Rizal that helps the Philippines to achieve the freedom against the Spanish
rule, through using only intellectual and pen. His monument can be seen on with the Philippines flag on the top of it and it was also guarded by
sentries of full regalia that contain the stands as the symbol of Filipino Nationhood. 
3) Have you been to the National Museum? What can you find in the National Museum Complex?
-No, I didn’t visit the National museum but I know that inside of that place holds the different history of the Philippines from the first war until
our last war. It contains documents, images, and artefacts that contribute our history throughout the year. Their goal is to show the people that our
past is rich even though there are some circumstances that we’ve been invaded for many times, they are here to preserve and conserve the history of
the Philippines for next future generations.
 
 11.0 Historical Sites and Landmarks

4) Why is visiting historic sites, shrines, landmarks, and museums important in the study of history? How was your previous experience of
KC RAHL visiting a specific historic landmark or museum helped you in the understanding of a historical fact or event?
-These places help to give us a chance to look into the past as well as the future, to see where we’ve been and where to go. Without them, many
important pieces of history would be lost or shielded from public view by private collectors.
 
5) How can educational institutions help further in preservation of our history culture?
-The education institutions can help us to preserve the history by teaching it on school, and also by producing literature that holds the different
historic sites and events that can be read by students and teachers so that they will know the history of the past and encourage the students to
strengthen the history and preserve it so that the next generation can used it and see the history of the Philippines.

Activity 2

Photo Gallery of the historic sites and landmarks in Jose Panganiban

Historic sites
and
Landmarks in
Jose
Panganiban
 Installed on February 1,
1985, by the National
Historical Institute
which contains the
remains of the home-
grown hero.

Jose Maria Panganiban

Monument
Roy Padilla Sr. Monument
Located inside Dona Ponay
park, is a monument installed as a
remembrance to Governor
Casimero Ruiz Padilla, father of
famous and political personalities
in the Philippines today. Known for
his excellent leadership skill, he
was undefeated in all of his
political campaigns. He was
assassinated in Labo, Camarines
Norte at the age of 61.
 12.0 Reflection

One of the most significant academic endeavors in each student's education is history.

02
KC RAHL
Learning about these topics taught me about prior societies, institutions, ideologies, governments, cultures, and technology, as well
as how they functioned and changed. Its long history aids me in painting a detailed picture of where we are now. I became more
evolved in all of these diverse parts of life as my understanding of history grew. All of this information has helped me become a
more well-rounded individual who is better equipped to learn in all of my academic disciplines. The things I learnt here can be
applied to my own life experience and help me understand differences better. History also encourages a more in-depth appreciation
of diversity. There are lessons to be learnt from our forefathers' interactions with individuals who live in other ways, both good and
bad. In a modern world where everyone is welcome regardless of their origin, understanding how past societies integrated is critical
to humanity's future progress.

Nations are formed out of a jumble of mythology and stories. These narratives influence how we view our country and our place
within it. Looking back at fantastic fellow countrymen is a way for many of us to develop our own identity. History is where we
learn about how great institutions are formed and how they've contributed to where we are today. Childhood is spent figuring out
who we are and what impact we can have on the world. Allowing youngsters to learn about our country's identity is one approach to
help with this. Those historical accounts might also serve to motivate others to achieve greatness. Brilliant people and their
courageous acts that transformed the shape of nations are remembered throughout history. Learning about the inspirational
experiences that have led us to where we are now provides a great deal of motivation.

It only takes one fantastic narrative from history to spark the interest of students like me, inspire us achieve to do great things.
KC RAHL

ThankYou!
Thank You!