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    Molecular Phylogeny: Name-Sajal Agrawal Roll No.-108 Section-D

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    Sajal Agrawal
    The document discusses molecular phylogeny and the construction of phylogenetic trees. It describes two main methods - character-based and distance-based. Character-based methods include maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood, which use aligned DNA or protein sequences. Distance-based methods transform sequence data into pairwise distances that are then used to build the tree. The document also discusses types of phylogenetic trees like rooted, unrooted, bifurcating, and multifurcating trees. It defines different mutational changes that can occur in DNA sequences and describes synonymous and non-synonymous mutations.

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    Molecular Phylogeny: Name-Sajal Agrawal Roll No.-108 Section-D

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    Sajal Agrawal
    15 views9 pages
    The document discusses molecular phylogeny and the construction of phylogenetic trees. It describes two main methods - character-based and distance-based. Character-based methods include maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood, which use aligned DNA or protein sequences. Distance-based methods transform sequence data into pairwise distances that are then used to build the tree. The document also discusses types of phylogenetic trees like rooted, unrooted, bifurcating, and multifurcating trees. It defines different mutational changes that can occur in DNA sequences and describes synonymous and non-synonymous mutations.

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    molecular phylogeny

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    The document discusses molecular phylogeny and the construction of phylogenetic trees. It describes two main methods - character-based and distance-based. Character-based methods include maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood, which use aligned DNA or protein sequences. Distance-based methods transform sequence data into pairwise distances that are then used to build the tree. The document also discusses types of phylogenetic trees like rooted, unrooted, bifurcating, and multifurcating trees. It defines different mutational changes that can occur in DNA sequences and describes synonymous and non-synonymous mutations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    15 views9 pages

    Molecular Phylogeny: Name-Sajal Agrawal Roll No.-108 Section-D

    Uploaded by

    Sajal Agrawal
    The document discusses molecular phylogeny and the construction of phylogenetic trees. It describes two main methods - character-based and distance-based. Character-based methods include maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood, which use aligned DNA or protein sequences. Distance-based methods transform sequence data into pairwise distances that are then used to build the tree. The document also discusses types of phylogenetic trees like rooted, unrooted, bifurcating, and multifurcating trees. It defines different mutational changes that can occur in DNA sequences and describes synonymous and non-synonymous mutations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 9

    Name-Sajal Agrawal

    Roll no.- 108


    Section-D

    Molecular phylogeny
    Molecular Basis Of Evolution
    • Goal – to reconstruct the evolutionary history of all
    organisms in the form of phylogenetic trees.

    • Classical approach: phylogenetic trees were


    constructed based on the comparative morphology
    and physiology.

    • Molecular phylogenetics: phylogenetic trees are


    constructed by comparing DNA/protein sequences
    between organisms.
    Construction of the Phylogenetic tree

    • There are two different methods based on which the


    phylogenetic tree is constructed.

    • Character-based method
    1. This method is based directly on the sequence characters, therefore it
    is also called the discrete method. The character-based method uses
    the aligned characters for constructing the phylogenetic tree.
    2. These aligned characters include either the DNA or protein sequences
    during the tree inference. The two most popular character-based
    methods are:
    Maximum parsimony.
    Maximum likelihood.
    • Distance-based method
    • This method is based on the amount of the
    distance or the dissimilarity between the two
    aligned sequences. In this method of
    constructing the phylogenetic tree, the
    sequence data is transformed into pairwise
    distances and then the matrix is used for
    building a tree.
    Types of Phylogenetic tree
    • 1. Rooted tree

    • 2. Un-rooted tree
    • 3. Bifurcating tree

    • 4. The multifurcating tree


    Mutational changes of DNA sequences
    1. Substitution. 3. Insertion.
    Thr Tyr Leu Leu Thr Tyr Leu Leu
    ACC TAT TTG CTG ACC TAT TTG CTG

    ACC TCT TTG CTG ACC TAC TTT GCT G—


    Thr Tyr Leu Leu Thr Tyr Phe Ala

    2. Deletion. 4. Inversion.
    Thr Tyr Leu Leu Thr Tyr Leu Leu
    ACC TAT TTG CTG ACC TAT TTG CTG

    ACC TAT TGC TG- ACC TTT ATG CTG


    Thr Tyr Cys Thr Phe Met Leu
    Synonymous
    • Synonymous mutations are point mutations.
    • Like a synonym in grammar, the mutated
    codon has the same meaning as the original
    codon .
    • They have no real role in the evolution of
    species .
    Non-Synonymous
    • They have a much greater effect on an
    individual than a synonymous mutation.
    • Another way a nonsynonymous mutation can
    occur is if the point mutation changes the
    single nucleotide into a codon that does not
    translate into the same amino acid.
    • Sometimes nonsynonymous mutations are
    actually positive changes.

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