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    Review Lesson:: Redox Reactions

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    1) The document provides an overview of chemistry concepts related to energy generation, including electrochemical energy, nuclear chemistry and energy, and fuels. 2) It specifically reviews redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions, discussing oxidation as the loss of electrons and reduction as the gain of electrons. 3) Methods for balancing redox reactions including the half-reaction and oxidation state methods are described. Key steps like determining oxidation states and using coefficients to balance electrons lost and gained are covered.

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    Review Lesson:: Redox Reactions

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    Hnut hinor
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    1) The document provides an overview of chemistry concepts related to energy generation, including electrochemical energy, nuclear chemistry and energy, and fuels. 2) It specifically reviews redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions, discussing oxidation as the loss of electrons and reduction as the gain of electrons. 3) Methods for balancing redox reactions including the half-reaction and oxidation state methods are described. Key steps like determining oxidation states and using coefficients to balance electrons lost and gained are covered.

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    1) The document provides an overview of chemistry concepts related to energy generation, including electrochemical energy, nuclear chemistry and energy, and fuels. 2) It specifically reviews redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions, discussing oxidation as the loss of electrons and reduction as the gain of electrons. 3) Methods for balancing redox reactions including the half-reaction and oxidation state methods are described. Key steps like determining oxidation states and using coefficients to balance electrons lost and gained are covered.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    27 views36 pages

    Review Lesson:: Redox Reactions

    Uploaded by

    Hnut hinor
    1) The document provides an overview of chemistry concepts related to energy generation, including electrochemical energy, nuclear chemistry and energy, and fuels. 2) It specifically reviews redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions, discussing oxidation as the loss of electrons and reduction as the gain of electrons. 3) Methods for balancing redox reactions including the half-reaction and oxidation state methods are described. Key steps like determining oxidation states and using coefficients to balance electrons lost and gained are covered.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 36

    Chemistry for Engineers

    REVIEW LESSON:
    REDOX REACTIONS

    Eddalin Q. Lampawog
    Professor
    INTENDED LEARNING OURCOME
    • Discuss the application of chemistry in relation to
    generation of energy
    Unit I: Energy

    Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3

    Electrochemical Nuclear chemistry and Fuels


    energy energy 3.1. Introduction to Fuels
    3.2. Properties of Fuel
    1.1. Voltaic cells 2.1. Natural Radioactivity
    Oil
    1.2. Standard voltages 2.2. Writing a Balanced
    3.3. Coal and Gas
    1.3. Electrolytic cells Nuclear Equation
    3.4. Principles of Combustion
    1.4. Commercial cells 2.3. Properties of Radioisotopes
    2.4. Nuclear Power
    Review Lesson:
    Redox Reactions
    Redox (Reduction-Oxidation Reaction)

    • also considered as electron-transfer reactions


    • common example is rusting of iron
    Oxidation
    -loss of electrons
    -substance becomes positively charged
    Reduction
    -gain of electrons
    -substances becomes negatively charged
    Redox (Reduction-Oxidation Reaction)

    Oxidation
    Is
    Losing electrons
    Reduction
    Is
    Gaining electrons
    Oxidation Number
    • also called as oxidation state
    • total number of electrons that an atom either gains or loses
    • elements losing electrons, oxidation number increases
    • elements gaining electrons, oxidation number decreases
    • From the given example:
    at cathode
    0 -2 -2 x 2 = -4, 4 electrons gained

    O2(g)+4H+(aq)+4e−→2H2O(l)
    +1 +1
    Oxidation Number
    • From the given example:
    at anode
    0 +2 2 electrons lost

    Fe(s) → Fe2+(aq)+2e−

    • to balance the number of electrons lost and gained, 2 coefficient is added to Fe


    2Fe(s) → 2Fe2+(aq)+4e−
    • combining reduction and oxidation reactions
    O2(g)+4H+(aq)+4e−→2H2O(l)2Fe(s)+O2(g)+4H+(aq)→2Fe2+(aq)+2H2O(l)
    Oxidation Number

    • combining reduction and oxidation reactions

    O2(g)+4H+(aq)+4e− → 2H2O(l)

    + 2Fe(s) → 2Fe2+(aq)+4e−

    2Fe(s)+O2(g)+4H+(aq)→2Fe2+(aq)+2H2O(l)
    Oxidation Number
    The Fe2+ ions produced in the initial reaction are then further oxidized
    by atmospheric oxygen to produce the insoluble hydrated oxide
    containing Fe3+, as represented in the following equation:

    4Fe2+(aq)+O2(g)+(2+4x)H2O→2Fe2O3⋅xH2O+4H+(aq)
    Oxidation Number
    Rules for assigning oxidation numbers:
    1) For an atom in its elemental form, the oxidation number is always zero.
    Example: O2(g) , Mg (s)
    2) For any monatomic ion the oxidation number equals the ionic charge. Like in
    metals, oxidation number is equal to its group number.
    Example: K+, Mg2+
    3) Nonmetals usually have negative oxidation numbers.
    Oxygen is usually -2 in charge except in peroxides (containing O22-) in
    which oxygen is -1.
    Fluorine is always -1 in charge in its compounds. Other halogens
    (Cl, Br, and I) have negative oxidation numbers as halide ions in their
    compounds. However, when combined with oxygen—for example in oxoacids
    and oxoanions (ex. HOCl, BrO-)—they have positive oxidation numbers. HOCl,
    Cl has +1 charge; BrO-, Br has +1 charge
    Oxidation Number
    Rules for assigning oxidation numbers:
    Hydrogen is usually +1 when bonded to nonmetals and
    -1 when bonded to metals.
    4) The sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms in a neutral compound is zero.
    Example: H2O, (+1 x 2) + (-2) = 0
    The sum of the oxidation numbers of a polyatomic ion equals to the charge
    of the ion.
    Example: CO32-, (+4) + (3x-2) = -2
    Balancing Redox Reactions

    • Methods:
    a) oxidation state
    b) half reactions
    • For example:
    What happens when magnesium strip is added to aqueous
    solution of hydrochloric acid?

    Mg(s) + HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)


    STEPS IN OXIDATION STATE METHOD:
    1) Write the unbalanced equation.

    Mg(s) + HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

    2) Determine the oxidation states of all atoms in the reactants and


    products.
    -1 -1

    0 +2

    Mg(s) + HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)


    +1 0
    STEPS IN OXIDATION STATE METHOD:

    3) Show electrons gained and lost using “tie lines.”


    -1 -1 (no change in charge)

    0 +2 (lost 2 electrons)

    Mg(s) + HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

    +1 0 (gained 1 electron)
    STEPS IN OXIDATION STATE METHOD:

    4) Use coefficients to equalize the number of electrons lost and


    gained.

    0 +2 (lost 2 electrons)

    Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

    +1 0 (gained 1 electron,
    multiply by 2)
    STEPS IN OXIDATION STATE METHOD:

    5) Balance the rest of the equation by inspection

    Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

    oxidized: Mg(s) oxidizing agent: H+(aq)

    reduced: H+(aq) reducing agent: Mg(s)

    no. of electrons lost and gained: 2


    Questions ??
    STEPS IN HALF-REACTION METHOD IN NEUTRAL SOLUTION:
    1) Write the unbalanced ionic equation.

    Mg(s) + HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

    Mg(s) + H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) Mg2+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + H2(g)

    2) Write separate half-reactions for the oxidation and the reduction


    processes. Determine the oxidation numbers first
    0 -1 +2 -1

    Mg(s) + H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) Mg2+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + H2(g)

    +1 0
    STEPS:

    Oxidation:
    Mg(s) Mg2+(aq)
    Reduction:
    H+(aq) H2(g)
    3) Balance the atoms in the half-reactions . In this case, coefficient 2
    is added to hydrogen ion.

    Mg(s) Mg2+(aq)

    2H+(aq) H2(g)
    STEPS:

    4) Balance the charges by adding electrons to each half-reaction. For


    the oxidation half-reaction, the electrons will need to be added to
    the product side. For the reduction half-reaction, the electrons will
    be added to the reactant side.
    Oxidation: 0 +2 lost two electrons

    Mg(s) Mg2+(aq) + 2 e
    Reduction:
    +1 x 2 0 gained two electrons

    2H+(aq) + 2e H2(g)
    STEPS:

    5) Add the two half-reactions together. The electrons must cancel.

    Mg(s) Mg2+(aq) + 2 e
    ++
    2H (aq) + 2e H2(g)
    Net Ionic
    Equation: Mg(s) + 2H+(aq Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)

    Therefore,
    Oxidized: Mg(s) Oxidizing agent: H+(aq)
    Reduced: H+(aq) Reducing agent: Mg(s)
    QUESTION!
    How is it possible that a metal is oxidized by an acid or any particular
    salt? Such as in the given example,
    Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

    Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)

    Magnesium strip was oxidized by


    hydrogen ion in HCl.

    Refer to the Activity Series!


    Activity Series
    • list of metals arranged in order of decreasing ease of oxidation
    • metals at the top of the table are the most easily oxidized (active
    metals such as alkali metals and the alkaline earth metals)
    • metals at the bottom are less reactive (noble metals such as
    transition elements from groups 8B and 1B)
    • Rule!
    Any metal on the list can be oxidized by the ions of elements below it.

    Thus from the given example, magnesium is oxidized by hydrogen.


    Another example:
    Write the balanced net ionic redox reaction using the oxidation
    state method for the reaction of aluminum with hydrobromic acid.
    Identify the substance oxidized and reduced, oxidizing and reducing
    agents and number of electrons lost and gained.

    Al(s) + HBr(aq)
    STEPS:
    1) Write the unbalanced equztion. Single replacement
    First, complete the reaction. reaction
    Al(s) + HBr(aq) AlBr3(aq) + H2(g) Base on activity series,
    aluminum can be
    oxidized by hydrogen.
    STEPS:
    1) Write the unbalanced equation.

    Al(s) + HBr(aq) AlBr3(aq) + H2(g)

    2) Determine the oxidation states of all atoms in the reactants and


    -1 -1
    products.
    0 +3

    Al(s) + HBr(aq) AlBr3(aq) + H2(g)

    +1 0
    STEPS:
    3) Show electrons gained and lost using “tie lines.”
    -1 -1 (no change in charge)

    0 +3 (lost 3 electrons)

    Al(s) + HBr(aq) AlBr3(aq) + H2(g)

    +1 0 (gained 1 electron
    per hydrogen atom)
    STEPS:
    4) Use coefficients to equalize the number of electrons lost and
    gained.
    0 +3 (lost 3 electrons, multiply by 2)

    2Al(s) + 6HBr(aq) 2AlBr3(aq) + 3H2(g) (3 is added as coefficient since


    there are 2 hydrogen atoms in
    +1 H2 molecule) 0
    (gained 1 electrons per hydrogen atom, multiply by 6)
    STEPS:
    5) Balance the rest of the equation by inspection.

    2Al(s) + 6HBr(aq) 2AlBr3(aq) + 3H2(g)

    Therefore,
    Oxidized: Al(s) Oxidizing agent: H+(aq)
    Reduced: H+(aq) Reducing agent: Al(s)
    Activity 2.1

    A. Balance the equation using oxidation state method.


    Identify the substances oxidized and reduced, oxidizing and
    reducing agents, and number of electrons lost and gained.
    1. Mg(s) + AgNO3(aq) Mg(NO3)2(aq) + Ag(s)

    2. N2O(g) N2(g) + O2(g)

    3. S(s) + F2(g) SF6(g)


    B. Balance the equation using half-reaction method in neutral
    solution. Identify the substances oxidized and reduced,
    oxidizing and reducing agents, and number of electrons lost
    and gained.
    1. Zn(s) + CuSo4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

    2. Mg(s) + SiCl4(aq) MgCl2(aq) + Si(s)

    3. Cu(s) + AgNO3(aq) Cu(NO3)2(aq) + Ag(s)

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