Evaristegalois

Évariste Galois
CMPE 220
Fall 2010
SOMAIA MOZAFFARI
14 / 12 / 2010
1
Evariste Galois
Preface
Born : October 25 1811

Bourge-la-Reine
France
Died : May 31 1832 (aged 20)
Nationality : French
fields : Mathematics
Known for :
work on the theory of equations

and Galois age 15, drawn by a classmate
Abelian integrals
2
Evariste Galois
Évariste Galois Childhood
Evariste Galois was born on the 25th of

October 1811.
His father Nicolas-Gabriel Galois his mother
Adélaϊde Marie Demante were very intelligent
and were well trained in all the subjects
considered important at that time: classical
literature, religion and philosophy.
There is no record of mathematical talent on
the family.
3
Evariste Galois
Évariste Galois Childhood
At the age of ten his parents decided to send

him to a college in Reims, but his mother
preferred to keep him at home.
At home he received an excellent education
in Latin, Greek and rhetoric.
4
Evariste Galois
School Days
In 1823 Galois entered the lycée Louis-le-

Grand in Paris and despite some turmoil in the
school at the beginning of the term.
Galois managed to perform well for the first
two years. He soon became bored with his
studies, and at the age of 14, he began to take a
serious interest in mathematics.
5
Evariste Galois
School Days
In February 1827 Galois enrolled in his first

mathematics class. It was during this course that
Galois worked with Legendre's text on geometry
and he was maybe for the first time acquainted
with the theory of equations by Lagrange's works.
6
Evariste Galois
Budding Mathematician
In 1828, he attempted the entrance exam to

École Polytechnique, but failed for lack of
explanations on the oral examination.
In the same year, he entered the
École Normale , where he found some professors
sympathetic to him.
7
Evariste Galois
Budding Mathematician
In the following year, Galois' first paper, on

continued fractions, was published.
It was at around the same time that he began
making fundamental discoveries in the theory of
polynomial equations.
8
Evariste Galois
His Political Life
Galois have been interested in politics when
he was still attending the Louis-le-Grand.
But his political activities started mainly at
the Ecole Normale.
Galois lived during a time of political turmoil
in France.
9
Evariste Galois
His Political Life
While their counterparts at Polytechnique
were making history in the streets during that
time, Galois and all the other students at the
École Normale were locked in by the school's
director.
10
Evariste Galois
His Political Life
Galois have joined the " Society of Friends of
the People" some months later.
It was an organization which its members
were the most active and aggressive ones of the
republican party.
11
Evariste Galois
His Political Life
Evariste asked for the students to be armed,
so they could have military training. Apparently,
most of his fellow students were avoiding Galois
and his radical ideas.
Evariste Galois was expelled from school on the
9th of December - publicly announced on the 4th
of January - because of an anonymous letter to
the "Gazette des Écoles".
In this letter the director was blamed for his
behavior during the July revolution.
12
Evariste Galois
His Political Life
During these activities Galois was
imprisoned at Sainte-Pélagie and on the 15th of
June he was tried for threatening the King's life.
He was released on April 29, 1832. During
his imprisonment, he continued developing his
mathematical ideas.
13
Evariste Galois
Galois Returned to Mathematics
Galois returned to mathematics after his

expulsion from the École Normale, although he
was constantly distracted by his political
activities. After his expulsion became official in
January 1831, he attempted to start a private
class in advanced algebra which did manage to
attract a fair bit of interest.
14
Evariste Galois
Simeon Poisson asked Galois to submit his work

on the theory of equations. Around July 4,
Poisson declared Galois' work
"incomprehensible", declaring that
"[Galois'] argument is neither sufficiently
clear nor sufficiently developed to allow us to
judge its rigor; We would then suggest that the
author should publish the whole of his work in
order to form a definitive opinion."
15
Evariste Galois
Galois did not ignore Poisson's advice and

began collecting all his mathematical
manuscripts while he was still in prison, and
continued polishing his ideas until his release on
April 29, 1832.
16
Evariste Galois
The Duel
Galois' fatal duel took place on May 30. The
true motives behind the duel will most likely
remain forever obscure.
17
Evariste Galois
The Duel
The most likely reason is: He was weary of
life, because of his unhappy love affair, his
fruitless efforts for gaining recognition for his
mathematical work, his financial and work
situation and he felt finished up a blind alley in
politics as well. So his duel was like a staged
suicide. It is still not clear who the other dueller a
supposed political friend was.
18
Evariste Galois
The Final Day
Early in the
morning of May
30, 1832, he was
shot in the
abdomen and died
the following day.
He was 20 years
old. His last words
to his brother
Alfred were:
(Don't cry, Alfred!
I need all my
courage to die at 19
Evariste Galois
Group Theory
It was Galois who was the first to use the

word 'group' (in French groupe) in a sense close
to the technical sense that is understood today,
and one of the key founders of the branch of
algebra known as group theory.
20
Evariste Galois
Group Theory
He developed the concept that is today

known as a normal subgroup.
21
Evariste Galois
Group Theory
He also introduced the concept of a

finite field (also known as a Galois field in his
honor).
He constructed the general linear group over
a prime field, GL(ν, p) and computed its order.
22
Evariste Galois
Group Theory
He constructed the projective special linear

group PSL(2,p). Galois constructed them as
fractional linear transforms.
23
Evariste Galois
Galois Theory
Galois' most significant contribution to
mathematics by far is his development of Galois
theory.
He realized that the algebraic solution to a
polynomial equation is related to the structure of
a group of permutations associated with the roots
of the polynomial, the Galois group of the
polynomial.
24
Evariste Galois
References
http://www.wikipedia.org
http://mathworld.wolfram.com
http://www.galois-group.net
25
Evariste Galois

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Évariste Galois

Born : October 25 1811

Died : May 31 1832 (aged 20)

work on the theory of equations

Evariste Galois was born on the 25th of

At the age of ten his parents decided to send

In 1823 Galois entered the lycée Louis-le-

In February 1827 Galois enrolled in his first

In 1828, he attempted the entrance exam to

In the following year, Galois' first paper, on

Galois returned to mathematics after his

Simeon Poisson asked Galois to submit his work

Galois did not ignore Poisson's advice and

It was Galois who was the first to use the

He developed the concept that is today

He also introduced the concept of a

He constructed the projective special linear

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