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    Speciation Can Occur Rapidly or Slowly and Can Result From Changes in Few or Many Genes

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    Julia Tam
    Speciation can occur rapidly or slowly and be caused by changes in few or many genes. The time it takes for new species to form can be determined through fossil records, morphological data, and molecular data. Speciation may happen relatively quickly through punctuated equilibria, appearing as sudden changes in fossil records. Once started, speciation seems to be a rapid process, with examples of traits changing quickly over few generations through natural selection. The total time between speciation events varies greatly from thousands of years to millions of years as populations diverge and reproductive isolation is completed.

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    Speciation Can Occur Rapidly or Slowly and Can Result From Changes in Few or Many Genes

    Uploaded by

    Julia Tam
    33 views9 pages
    Speciation can occur rapidly or slowly and be caused by changes in few or many genes. The time it takes for new species to form can be determined through fossil records, morphological data, and molecular data. Speciation may happen relatively quickly through punctuated equilibria, appearing as sudden changes in fossil records. Once started, speciation seems to be a rapid process, with examples of traits changing quickly over few generations through natural selection. The total time between speciation events varies greatly from thousands of years to millions of years as populations diverge and reproductive isolation is completed.

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    Ch24.4 (2003)

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    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

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    Speciation can occur rapidly or slowly and be caused by changes in few or many genes. The time it takes for new species to form can be determined through fossil records, morphological data, and molecular data. Speciation may happen relatively quickly through punctuated equilibria, appearing as sudden changes in fossil records. Once started, speciation seems to be a rapid process, with examples of traits changing quickly over few generations through natural selection. The total time between speciation events varies greatly from thousands of years to millions of years as populations diverge and reproductive isolation is completed.

    Copyright:

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    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    33 views9 pages

    Speciation Can Occur Rapidly or Slowly and Can Result From Changes in Few or Many Genes

    Uploaded by

    Julia Tam
    Speciation can occur rapidly or slowly and be caused by changes in few or many genes. The time it takes for new species to form can be determined through fossil records, morphological data, and molecular data. Speciation may happen relatively quickly through punctuated equilibria, appearing as sudden changes in fossil records. Once started, speciation seems to be a rapid process, with examples of traits changing quickly over few generations through natural selection. The total time between speciation events varies greatly from thousands of years to millions of years as populations diverge and reproductive isolation is completed.

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    of 9

    Speciation can occur rapidly or

    slowly and can result from changes in


    few or many genes.
     Ways to determine how long it takes for new
    species to form:
    • Broad patterns in fossil records
    • Studies using morphological data (with fossils)
    • Molecular data to asses time intervals between
    speciation
     Punctuated equilibria: periods of apparent
    punctuated sudden change in species across
    geologic stratum.
    • Change in species may be relatively quick and therefore
    unable to be determined according to fossil records.
    • This would be then attributed to punctuated equilibria
     Punctuated patterns suggest that in speciation,
    once started, is a relatively quick process.
    • Helianthus anomalus: a change in the hybrid fertility
    changing from 5% to 90% in 4 generations
    • Natural selection eliminated species that were not
    compatible genetically with one another
     Total length of time between speciation events is the time
    that elapses before populations of newly formed species start
    to diverge from one another plus the time it takes for
    speciation to be complete once divergence begins.
    • Total time between speciation events varies (4,000 years to 6.5 million
    years)
    •
     Importance of this data:
    • Suggests that it takes millions of years for before a newly formed
    species will give rise to a new species
    • Great variability shows there is not a “speciation clock” that regulates
    speciation. Speciation is most likely at random
    • Interruption of gene flow leads to diverging population until they
    become reproductively isolated.
     Scientists study genes that control traits which may
    lead to reproductive barriers.
     Japanese snails of genus Euhadra alleles of a single gene
    controls the direction of the spiral of the shells, which changes
    the orientation of the snails genitals, thus preventing mating
     Two species of Monkey flower, M. lewisii (Pink) and
    M. Cardinalis (Red), are separated by pollinator’s
    choice, which is affected by flower color. Bumblebees
    tend to stop at the pink flowers and hummingbirds
    tend to stop at the red flowers. A single gene controls
    this trait and experiments were done by switching the
    two genes in the flowers.
     Results: The pink flower had a 68 times more frequent visit by the
    hummingbird. The red flower had a 74 times more frequent visit
    from the bumblebee.
     Hybrid sterility between two species of
    Drosophilia pseudoobscura results form gene
    interaction between four loci.

     Postzygotic isolation in sunflower hybrid zone


    is influenced by at least 26 chromosomal
    segments.
     Speciation is the accumulation of small
    physical changes which make different groups
    of organism more and more different from
    each other.

     Evolutionary changes are affected by both


    extinction and speciation.

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