Types of Pavement: UNIT 6.0

TYPES OF PAVEMENT
UNIT 6.0
WHAT IS PAVEMENT?
 pavement is a structure consisting of superimposed layers
of processed materials above the natural soil sub-grade.
or
 A multi layer system that distributes the vehicular loads
over a larger area
FUNCTION OF PAVEMENT
The primary function of a pavement is to distribute the
applied vehicle loads to the sub-grade.
 Reduce and distribute the traffic loading so as not to damage the
subgrade
 Provide vehicle access between two points under all-weather

conditions
 Provide safe, smooth and comfortable ride to road users without

undue delays and excessive wear & tear
 Meet environmental and aesthetics requirement
 Limited noise and air pollution
 Reasonable economy
REQUIREMENTS OF PAVEMENT STRUCTURE
 Sufficient thickness to spread loading to a pressure intensity

tolerable by subgade
 Sufficiently strong to carry imposed stress due to traffic load
Sufficient thickness to prevent the effect of frost susceptible
subgade
 Pavement material should be impervious to penetration of
surface water which could weaken subgade and subsequently
pavement
 Pavement mat. shd be non-frost susceptible Pavement
surface shd. be skid resistant
PAVEMNT STRUCTURE AND ITS COMPONENTS
Pavement structure is a combination of

 Sub base course
 Base course
 and Surface course
Which are placed on a sub grade to support the traffic load
and distribute it to the roadbed soil
SUBGRADE
• A layer of natural soil or filled soil prepared to receive the
pavement materials over it.
• The top surface of the road bed soil upon which the pavement
structure and shoulders are constructed.
• The pavement load is ultimately taken by soil subgrade hence in
no case it should be over stressed and top 50cm layer of soil
subgrade should be well compacted at O.M.C
• Common strength tests used for evaluation of soil subgrade are:
1. CBR test
2. California resistance value test
3. Plate bearing test
4. Triaxial compression test
The function of the subgrade is to transfer the entire
load coming to it to the earth mass and to provide a
good support to the pavement surface
SUB-BASE AND BASE COURSE
• These are the broken stone aggregates. It is desirable to use
smaller size graded aggregates at sub-base course instead of
boulder stones
• Base and sub base courses are used under flexible pavements
primarily to improve load supporting capacity by distribution of
the load through a finite thickness.
• Base course are used under rigid pavements for
1. Preventing pumping
2. Protecting the subgrade against frost action.
SUB-BASE COURSE
The layer or layers of specified or selected material designed
thickness placed on a sub grade to support a base course or a
surface course.
FUNCTIONS OF SUB BASE COURSE
It functions primarily as structural support but it can
also:
 Minimize the intrusion of fines from the sub-grade
into the pavement structure.
 Improves drainage.
 Minimize frost action damage.
 Provides a working platform for construction.
BASE COURSE
The layer or layers of specified or selected material designed

thickness placed on a sub base to support a surface course.
FUNCTION OF BASE COURSE
• I serves the following functions:

1. It acts as foundation for the road pavement and transfers
the traffic load to the sub-base course
2. It withstands the high shearing stress imposed upon due
to impact of traffic on the wearing course.
SURFACE COURSE/WEARING COURSE
• It is the top most layer of the pavement structure.
• In flexible pavement normally a bituminous surfacing is

used as a wearing course and in rigid pavements the cement
concrete acts like a base course as well as wearing course.
• The surface course is the layer in contact with traffic loads

and normally contains the highest quality materials.
• It provides characteristics such as friction, smoothness,

noise control, rut and shoving resistance and drainage.
FUNCTIONS
• It provides smooth riding surface

• It resist the pressure exerted by the tyres
• It take up wear and tear due to traffic.
• It provides a water tight layer against infiltration of
surface water.
WEARING COURSE
TYPES OF PAVEMENT
Flexible Rigid
Pavements Pavements
Flexible Pavement
• The flexible pavement layers transmit the vertical or
compressive stresses to the lower layers by grain transfer
through contact points of granular structure
• The vertical compressive stress is maximum on the pavement
surface directly under the wheel load and is equal to contact
pressure under the wheels. Due to the ability to distribute the
stress to large area in the shape of truncated cone, the stresses
get decreased in the lower layer.
• As such the flexible pavement may be constructed in a number

of layers and the top layer has to be strongest as the highest
compressive stresses.
• in addition to wear and tear, the lower layer have to take up

only lesser magnitude of stress as there is no direct wearing
action die to traffic loads, therefore inferior material with lower
cast can be used in the lower layers
Flexible Pavement
Types of Flexible Pavement
Dense Graded
Open Graded Gap Graded

Flexible Pavement – Construction
23
Flexible Pavement Structure.
• Structure
▫ Surface
course
▫ Base course
▫ Sub-base
course
▫ Sub-grade
Common deformations in Flexible
pavement.
• Rutting: Rutting can be caused by too much repeated load applied
to subgrade
Following are some of the types of Deformation in

Flexible Pavement;
Longitudinal cracking, fatigue, transverse, reflective, block, edge,
corrugation, shoving, depression, overlay bumps, Delamination, potholes,
patching, raveling, stripping, polished aggregate, pumping, Segregation,
checking, bleeding, Rock loss, segregation, bleeding/fat spots,
Delamination.
Rigid Pavement.
• The rigid pavements are made of Cement Concrete and
may or may not have a base course between the
surface and sub-grade.
• Rigid pavement is laid in slabs with steel
reinforcement.
Structure of Rigid
Pavement.
Types of Rigid Pavement.
• Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP);
Basic Components of Concrete Pavement
29
Concrete paver
30
Rigid Pavements
Load Distribution in Rigid Pavements 31

PCC Surface
Rigid Pavement Slab

(Surface Co45urse) Thickness
Pavements Comparison
33
Types of Rigid Pavement.
• Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement
(CRCP);
Common deformations in
Rigid Pavement.
• Cracks in rigid pavements often result from stresses caused by
expansion and contraction or warping of the pavement.
Overloading, loss of subgrade support, and insufficient and/or
improperly cut joints acting singly or in combination are also
possible causes.
Longitudinal Cracking Diagonal Cracking

Common deformations in Rigid
Pavement
.
2.Blowups: They generally occur during hot weather
because of the additional thermal expansion of the
concrete. Blowups usually occur at a transverse crack or
joint that is not wide enough to permit expansion of
the concrete slabs.
Sub-grade Preparation Sub-grade Failure Crack
37

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TYPES OF PAVEMENT

 Provide vehicle access between two points under all-weather

 Provide safe, smooth and comfortable ride to road users without

 Meet environmental and aesthetics requirement

 Limited noise and air pollution

 Sufficient thickness to spread loading to a pressure intensity

Pavement structure is a combination of

The layer or layers of specified or selected material designed

• I serves the following functions:

• In flexible pavement normally a bituminous surfacing is

• The surface course is the layer in contact with traffic loads

• It provides characteristics such as friction, smoothness,

• It provides smooth riding surface

• As such the flexible pavement may be constructed in a number

• in addition to wear and tear, the lower layer have to take up

Open Graded Gap Graded

Following are some of the types of Deformation in

Load Distribution in Rigid Pavements 31

Rigid Pavement Slab

Longitudinal Cracking Diagonal Cracking

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