Physical Chemistry. Dr. Salem Elkhaseh

‫كلية الهندسة‬-‫جامعة اجدابيا‬
Physical Chemistry
Dr. Salem Elkhaseh
Lecture
Lecture One
One
Petroleum
Petroleum asas produced
produced
from
from aa reservoir,
reservoir, isis aa
complex
complex mixture
mixture of of
hundreds
hundreds ofof different
different
compounds
compounds of of hydrogen
hydrogen
and
and carbon,
carbon, all
all with
with
different
different densities,
densities, vapor
vapor
pressures,
pressures, and
and other
other
..physical
physical characteristics
characteristics

11‑‑ Crude
Crude Oil
Oil Basis
Basis
a.
a. Paraffinic
Paraffinic:: These
These crudes
crudes
contain
contain mainly
mainly saturated
saturated
hydrocarbon
hydrocarbon (over(over 50%).
50%).
b.
b. Naphthenic
Naphthenic:: These
These crudes
crudes
contain
contain higher
higher appreciable
appreciable
amounts
amounts of of Naphthens.
Naphthens.
c.
c. Aromatic
Aromatic:: These
These crudes
crudes
contain
contain higher
higher percentage.
percentage.
NON‑HYDROCARBON SERIES 
SULPHUR COMPOUNDS )a( 
NITROGEN COMPOUNDS )b( 
OXYGEN COMPOUNDS )C( 
ORGANO‑METALLIC COMPOUNDS )d( 

Introduction
Introduction to
to
petroleum
petroleum processing
processing
 REFINERY PRODUCTS
a) Primary (or Atmospheric Distillation
Products):
some time called “Straight-run products”.
These are the products from the main
distillation tower.
1. Atmospheric Distillation Gases.
2. Straight-run Benzene (50-150 °C)
3. Kerosene.
4. Straight-run Gas Oil (150-350).
5. Mazout or (Long Residue).
b)
b) Refinery
Refinery Main Main Products
Products::

1.
1. Gasoline-Motor
Gasoline-Motor Spirit.
Spirit.
2.
2. Lighting
Lighting Kerosine.
Kerosine.
3.
3. Aviation
Aviation Fuel.
Fuel.
4.
4. Automotive
Automotive Gas Gas Oil.
Oil.
5.
5. Diesel
Diesel Oil.
Oil.
6.
6. Fuel
Fuel Oil.
Oil.
c) Secondary products:
1. Lubricating Oils.
i. Light Neutral oil 80-50
ii. Medium Neutral oil 150-220
iii. Heavy neutral oil 350-450
iv. Bright stock 150-200 (
at 210 °F )
2. Bitumen Asphalt.
3. Petroleum Coke.
4. Refinery Gases.
5. Petroleum Solvents.
ROUTINE LABORATORY TESTS
API Gravity and Specific Gravity 
.Vapor Pressure (Reid) 
.ASTM Distillations 
.Flash and Fire Points 
.Viscosity 
Cloud and Pour Points 
.Sulfur Tests 
Water Contents 
 Gum and Gasoline.

)2(
Lecture two
Thermodynamics
Temperature, Heat, Work
Heat Engines
Thermodynamics
. .Thermodynamic: Since of energy

It includes all aspects of power transformation
,including power generation
refrigeration and relations among the properties of
.matter
:Energy
.Ability to cause changes 
:First low of Thermodynamic 
Energy can change from one form to 
.another, but total amount remains 
.constant
Second law of Thermodynamics:
Energy has quality and quantity, and
actual processes Occur in the direction of
decreasing quality.
Getting Started
All of thermodynamics can be 
expressed in terms of four quantities

Temperature (T) •
Internal Energy (U) •
Entropy (S) •
Heat (Q) •
These quantities will be defined as 
we progress through the lesson

Slide courtesy of NASA
)1 law( .1
st
The first law of thermodynamics is an

extension of the law of conservation of
energy
The change in internal energy of a 
system is equal to the heat added to the
system minus the work done by the
system
ΔU = Q - W
Process Terminology
Adiabatic – no heat transferred 
Isothermal – constant temperature 
Isobaric – constant pressure 

Isochoric – constant volume
Adiabatic Process
An adiabatic process transfers no heat 
therefore Q = 0 •
ΔU = Q – W 
When a system expands adiabatically, 
W is positive (the system does work)

.so ΔU is negative
When a system compresses 
adiabatically, W is negative (work is
.done on the system) so ΔU is positive
Lecture
Lecture 33
Isothermal Process
An isothermal process is a constant •
temperature process. Any heat flow into or
out of the system must be slow enough to
maintain thermal equilibrium
For ideal gases, if ΔT is zero, ΔU = 0 •
Therefore, Q = W •
Any energy entering the system (Q) must leave –
as work (W)
Isobaric Process
An isobaric process is a constant 
pressure process. ΔU, W, and Q are

generally non-zero, but calculating
the work done by an ideal gas is
straightforward
W = P·ΔV
Water boiling in a saucepan is an 
example of an isobar process

Isochoric Process
An isochoric process is a constant 
volume process. When the volume of

a system doesn’t change, it will do
no work on its surroundings. W = 0
ΔU = Q
Heating gas in a closed container is 
an isochoric process
Heat Capacity
The amount of heat required to raise 
a certain mass of a material by a

certain temperature is called heat
capacity
Q = mcxΔT
The constant cx is called the specific 
heat of substance x, (SI units of

J/kg·K)
Zeroth Law of
Thermodynamic
:SI system 
Celsius scale: and Kelvin scale: K 
(absolute zero) (K= C̊ + 273) ( R = 1.8K)

:English system 
Fahrenheit scale: and Rankin R (absolute 
zero) (R = F̊ +460 ) (F = 1.8C̊ + 32

Temperature conversion between SI and English 
:system
Temperature change in SI and English 
:system
Dimensions and Units
Used to Characterize Physical quantities 
Primary (fundamental) 
)only seven( 
Dimensions and Units
Secoundy (derived) 
)many( 
Area – volume 
Velocity - 
Acceleration - 
Force - 
Work - 
Stress - 
Power - 
Frequency - 
etc…… - 
THANK YOU 

Physical Chemistry. Dr. Salem Elkhaseh

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‫كلية الهندسة‬-‫جامعة اجدابيا‬

SULPHUR COMPOUNDS )a( 

NITROGEN COMPOUNDS )b( 

OXYGEN COMPOUNDS )C( 

ORGANO‑METALLIC COMPOUNDS )d( 

API Gravity and Specific Gravity 

.Vapor Pressure (Reid) 

.Flash and Fire Points 

Cloud and Pour Points 

. .Thermodynamic: Since of energy

expressed in terms of four quantities

we progress through the lesson

The first law of thermodynamics is an

Isobaric – constant pressure 

W is positive (the system does work)

pressure process. ΔU, W, and Q are

example of an isobar process

volume process. When the volume of

a certain mass of a material by a

heat of substance x, (SI units of

Celsius scale: and Kelvin scale: K 

(absolute zero) (K= C̊ + 273) ( R = 1.8K)

Fahrenheit scale: and Rankin R (absolute 

zero) (R = F̊ +460 ) (F = 1.8C̊ + 32

Used to Characterize Physical quantities 

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