Systems Analysis & Design: Lecture-1 Systems Concepts and Environment

Systems Analysis &
Design
LECTURE-1
SYSTEMS CONCEPTS AND ENVIRONMENT
Course Objectives
•To provide you with new ways of looking at information in the world in order
to solve business problems
•To introduce you to concepts and methods of SAD
•To describe the systems development life cycle (SDLC)
•To teach you effective methods for gathering essential information during
system analysis
•To teach you effective methods for designing systems to solve problems
effectively using technology
Textbooks and References
•Systems Analysis And Design ( Award)

•Basic Information Systems Analysis and Design. (Myrvin Chester and Avtar Athwall)
•Systems Analysis and Design (Er.V.K.Jain)
•Systems Analysis and Design Methods (Jeffrey L.Whitten)
System Analysis and Design??
Systems Analysis and Design
Systems Overview Systems Analysis Systems Design System Implementation
1. Systems concepts 1. Systems planning and 1. The process and Stages 1. System Testing and
and Environment initial investigation of Design Quality Assurance
2. System Development 2. Information Gathering. 2. Input/Output and 2. Implementation and
Life Cycle 3. Structured Analysis Forms Design S/W maintenance
3. The role of a System 4. Feasibility Analysis 3. File organization and 3. Project Scheduling
Analyst 5. Cost Benefit Analysis Data Base Design 4. Security and Ethics
What is a System?
A system is “an orderly grouping of interdependent components linked together
according to a plan to achieve a specific goal.”
For example, traffic management system, payroll system, automatic library

system, human resources information system.
Systems Analysis
It is a process of collecting and interpreting facts, identifying the problems, and decomposition
of a system into its components.
System analysis is conducted for the purpose of studying a system or its parts in order to identify
its objectives. It is a problem solving technique that improves the system and ensures that all
the components of the system work efficiently to accomplish their purpose.
Analysis specifies what the system should do.
Systems Design
It is a process of planning a new business system or replacing an existing system by defining its
components or modules to satisfy the specific requirements. Before planning, you need to
understand the old system thoroughly and determine how computers can best be used in order
to operate efficiently.
System Design focuses on how to accomplish the objective of the system.
Information Systems & Technology
An information system (IS) is an arrangement of people, data, processes, communications, and
information technology that interact to support and improve day-to-day operations in a
business, as well as support the problem-solving and decision-making needs of management
and users.
Information technology is a contemporary term that describes the combination of computer

technology (hardware and software) with telecommunications technology (data, image, and
voice networks).
Study of System concept
System concepts has three basic implication.
1) A system must be designed to achieve a predetermined objective.

2) Interrelationships and interdependence must exit among the components.
3)The objectives of the organization as a whole have a higher priority then the
objectives of its subsystems.
For example computerizing personnel applications must conform to the organization’s

policy on privacy, confidentiality, and security, as well as making selected data (e.g.,
payroll) available to the accounting division on request
Properties of a System
A system has the following properties −
1. Organization
2. Interaction
3. Interdependence
4. Integration
5. Central Objective
Elements of a System
In most cases, systems analysts operate in a dynamic environment where change is a way of life. The
environment may be a business firm, a business application, or a computer system. To reconstruct a
system, the following key elements must be considered:
Types of Systems
The systems can be divided into the following types −
1. Physical or Abstract Systems
2. Open or Closed Systems
3. Adaptive and Non Adaptive System
4. Permanent or Temporary System
5. Natural and Manufactured System
6. Deterministic or Probabilistic System
7. Social, Human-Machine, Machine System
8. Man–Made Information Systems
Physical or Abstract Systems
Physical systems are tangible entities. We can touch and feel them.
Physical System may be static or dynamic in nature. For example, desks and
chairs are the physical parts of computer center which are static. A programmed
computer is a dynamic system in which programs, data, and applications can
change according to the user's needs.
Abstract systems are non-physical entities or conceptual that may be formulas,

representation or model of a real system.
Open or Closed Systems
An open system must interact with its environment. It receives inputs from and
delivers outputs to the outside of the system. For example, an information system
which must adapt to the changing environmental conditions.
A closed system does not interact with its environment. It is isolated from
environmental influences. A completely closed system is rare in reality.
Adaptive and Non Adaptive System
Adaptive System responds to the change in the environment in a way to improve their
performance and to survive. For example, human beings, animals.
Non Adaptive System is the system which does not respond to the environment. For example,
machines.
Permanent or Temporary System
Permanent System persists for long time. For example, business policies.
Temporary System is made for specified time and after that they are demolished. For example, A
DJ system is set up for a program and it is dissembled after the program.
Natural and Manufactured System
Natural systems are created by the nature. For example, Solar system, seasonal system.
Manufactured System is the man-made system. For example, Rockets, dams, trains.
Deterministic or Probabilistic System
Deterministic system operates in a predictable manner and the interaction between system
components is known with certainty. For example, two molecules of hydrogen and one molecule
of oxygen makes water.
Probabilistic System shows uncertain behavior. The exact output is not known. For example,
Weather forecasting, mail delivery.
Social, Human-Machine, Machine System
Social System is made up of people. For example, social clubs, societies.
In Human-Machine System, both human and machines are involved to perform a particular task.
For example, Computer programming.
Machine System is where human interference is neglected. All the tasks are performed by the
machine. For example, an autonomous robot.
Man–Made Information Systems
It is an interconnected set of information resources to manage data for particular organization,
under Direct Management Control (DMC).
This system includes hardware, software, communication, data, and application for producing
information according to the need of an organization.
Man-made information systems are divided into three types −
Formal Information System − It is based on the flow of information in the form of memos,
instructions, etc., from top level to lower levels of management.
Informal Information System − This is employee based system which solves the day to day work
related problems.
Computer Based System − This system is directly dependent on the computer for managing business
applications. For example, automatic library system, railway reservation system, banking system, etc.

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Systems Analysis &

•Systems Analysis And Design ( Award)

Systems Overview Systems Analysis Systems Design System Implementation

For example, traffic management system, payroll system, automatic library

Information technology is a contemporary term that describes the combination of computer

1) A system must be designed to achieve a predetermined objective.

For example computerizing personnel applications must conform to the organization’s

Abstract systems are non-physical entities or conceptual that may be formulas,

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