EC8004-wireless Networks

Introduction
Network:
network is a connected group of people or objects that shares information each
other.
Eg: Facebook
wireless Network:
A wireless network connect computer or digital devices through the air via radio
waves.
The wireless network can be broken into two parts
– Local Area Networks(LAN)
– Wide Area Networks(WAN)
Local Area Network:
is a computer network that interconnects computers within a limited area such
as schools,lab,etc..
Wide Area Network:
is a telecommunication network that extends over a large geographical distance
ex: Business,education ,government entities
 Introduction
There are four main types of wireless network
• WLAN
• WMAN
• WWAN
• WPAN
 Introduction....
Wireless Local Area Network
• WLAN is a wireless computer network that links two or more devices using a
wireless distribution method within a limited area such as home and schools.
• A WLAN can also provide connection to the wider internet.
• WLANs are based on IEEE802.11standars and are marketed under the wifi
brand name.
Advantages:
– Flexibility
– Planning
– Robustness
Disadvantages:
– QOS
– Proprietary solution
– Safety and security
 WLAN
Design goals:
Low power
simplified spontaneous cooperation
Easy to use
Protection of investment
Safety and security
Transparency for applications.
 WLAN technologies
Basic transmission technologies:
Infrared
UHF(narrow band)
Infrared:
• Infrared is based on transmission of infrared light.
• infrared uses diffuse light reflected at walls or direct light if line of
sight exists between sender and receiver.
• sender-LED, receiver-photodiode .
Technology:
frequencies just below the visible light
cannot penetrate opaque objects and low diffusion
Line of sight limits mobility
high data rate potential.
 Infrared
Advantages:
sender and receiver are very cheap
no licence is needed for infrared technology
electrical devices do not interfere with infrared transmission
Shielding is very simple.
Disadvantages:
Low bandwidth compared with other LAN technologies
It has limited transfer rate
Infrared transmission cannot penetrate walls
for good transmission Los is needed.
 UHF Technologies
UHF used for television broadcasting, cell phones, satellite communication including
GPS,Personal radio service including WIFI and Bluetooth.
Advantages:
UHF transmission is the short wavelength with high frequency
UHF antenna is stubby and steady
Disadvantages:
It is limited broadcast range.
Spread Spectrum:
is a modulation techniques in which transmitted bandwidth much larger than the
information signal bandwidth and bit rate of the spreading sequence is much
larger than the input data
Types:
Direct sequence spread spectrum
Frequency hopping spread spectrum
 IEEE 802.11
In 1997,IEEE released the 802.11 WLAN standards. As the name suggests, it
belongs to the group of IEEE802.x standards.
Eg: IEEE802.3-Ethernet, IEEE802.5-Token ring
IEEE 802.11 define Media Access Control(MAC) and physical (PHY) layer
specification for wireless LANs.
There are three different physical layer specification were defined,namely,
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum(FHSS)
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum(DSSS)
Infrared(IR)
The DSSS and FHSS physical layers operated in ISM band
In 1999,IEEE introduced two enhanced physical layer specification 802.11b and
802.11a with data transmission upto 11 and 54Mbps.
802.11b based on DSSS
802.11a based on OFDM
 802.11System architecture
Wireless network can have two different basic
system architecture:
Infrastructure type network-where stations communicate through access
point
Ad-hoc type network-where stations communicate directly.
Infrastructure type network:
Station(STA)
each node called as stations and those stations are connected to access point.
Access point(AP)
It is a station integrated into wireless LAN and the distributed system.
Portal
The distribution system connects the wireless networks via the APs with a
portal, which act as a bridge to other networks.
 802.11- infrastructure network
802.11 LAN
802.x LAN

STA1
BSS1
Access Portal
Point
Distribution System
Access
ESS Point

BSS2

STA2 802.11 LAN STA3

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Source: Schiller
 802.11- infrastructure network
Distributive system
More than one basic service set(BSSS) can be connected via a distribution
system.
It connects several BSSSs via the AP to form a single network and it
extends the wireless coverage area. This network is now called an
Extended service set(ESS)
802.11 Services
The two types of services are:
Basic Service Set(BSS)
Extended Service Set(ESS)
 802.11- infrastructure network
Basic Service Set(BSS)
contain stationary or wireless mobile station and a central base station called
access point
group of stations using the same radio frequency
the use of access point is optional
if the access point is not present, it is known as stand alone network. such a
BSS cannot send data to other BSSs.this type of architecture is known as ad-
hoc architecture.
The BSS in which access point is known as infrastructure network.
Extended Service Set(ESS)
is created by joining two or more basic service sets having access point.
there are two types of stations in ESS
-Mobile stations: these are normal station inside a BSS
-Stationary stations: these are AP stations that are part of a wired LAN
 802.11- infrastructure network
ESSID-Extended Service Set Identifier
ESS has it own identifier
ESSID is the name of the network
ESSID is used to separate different network
without knowing the ESSID, it should not be possible to participate in the
WLAN.
Uses of STA,AP and Distributive system:
Access point can support Roaming (ST)
provide synchronization within a BSS,support power control(AP)
can handle data transfer between the different APs(DS)
 802.11- Architecture ad-hoc network
802.11 LAN

Ad-hoc network between stations, thus

STA1 forming one or more independent
BSS1 STA3 BSSs(IBSSs).

IBSS-STA can communicate directly to

STA2
each other and providing that they are
within each others transmission range.

BSS2
STA1,STA2 and STA3 are in IBSS1,ST4
STA and ST5 in IBSS2.
5

STA4 802.11 LAN

 Protocol Architecture
fixed terminal
mobile terminal

server

infrastructure network

access point

application application
TCP TCP
IP IP
LLC LLC LLC
802.11 MAC 802.11 MAC 802.3 MAC 802.3 MAC
802.11 PHY 802.11 PHY 802.3 PHY 802.3 PHY
 Protocol Architecture
-An 802.11 wireless LAN is connected to a switch IEEE
802.3Ethernet via a bridge.The WLAN behaves like a wired LAN.
-The higher layers(Appln,TCP,IP)look the same for both wireless
and wired nodes.
-The upper part of the data link layer and LLC covers the
differences of the medium access control layers needed for the
different media.
-The IEEE 802.11 standard only covers the physical and MAC layer.
-The physical layer is subdivided into
*Physical layer convergence protocol
*Physical medium dependent sublayer
 Protocol Architecture and management
MAC Layer function
-comprise medium access, fragmentation of user data and encryption.
PLCP:
Sublayer provide a carrier sense signal called Clear Channel
Assesment(CCA) and provide a common PHY service access point.
PMD:
sublayer handles modulation and encoding/decoding of signals.

Station Management
LLC
DLC

MAC MAC Management

PLCP
PHY

PHY Management
PMD

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 Protocol Architecture
MAC management:
-supports the association and re-association of a station to an
access point and roaming between different access points.
PHY Management:
-include channel tuning and PHY MIB maintenance.
Station Management:
-It has co-ordination of all management function. it is responsible
for additional higher layer function.
 Physical Layer
IEEE 802.11 support three different physical layer such as
One layer based on infrared
Two layers based on radio waves(DSSS and FHSS)
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum:
• IEEE 802.11 uses FHSS method for signal generation
• use 2.4GHZ ISM band .the band is divided in to 79
subbands of 1MHZ with some gaud band.
• A pseudo random number generator selects the hopping
sequence.
• the allowed data rates are 1or 2Mbps
• this method used frequency shift keying for modulation.
 Physical Layer-FHSS frame format
Consists of two basic part:
1.PLCP (preamables & header)
2.Payload
 Physical Layer-FHSS frame format

Synchronization:PLCP preamble starts with 80 bit

synchronization, which is 0101010101...
SFD: indicate the start of the frame and provide frame
sysncronization,the SFD pattern is 0000110010111101.
PLW: indicates the length of the payload in bytes including 32 bit
CRC at the end of the payload.
PSF:4 bit field indicates the data rate of the payload. All bits are
set to 0000,indicates lower data rate of 1Mbps.
HEC: protected by 16 bit checksum with the standard generator
polynomial.
 Physical Layer-DSSS frame format
Spreading the code not by frequency.
Using 11 chip barker sequence(+1,-1,+1,+1,-1,+1,+1,+1,-1,-1,-1)
2.4GHz,data rate of 1 to 2Mbps
1Mbps-DBPSK
2Mbps-DQPSK
 Physical Layer-DSSS frame format
Synchronization:128 bit synchronization, also used for gain
setting, energy deduction and frequency offset
compensation .
SFD: 16 bits indicate the start of the frame and provide frame
sysncronization,the SFD pattern is 0000110010111101.
Signal: two values has been defined.
0x0A-1Mbps(DBPSK),0x14-2Mbps(DQPSK)
Service:future use,0x00 indicates complaint frame.
Length:16 bits
HEC: protected by 16 bit checksum with the standard
generator polynomial.
 IEEE 802.11b
-new physical layer which has a 2.4GHz band
-current interference and distance between the sender and
receiver 802.11b system for 11,5.5,2 or 1Mbps.
-maximum user data is approximately 6Mbps and lower data
rates 1 and 2Mbps use 11 chip barker sequence, new data rate
5.5,11Mbps use 8 chip complementary code keying.
802.11b packet format
Two kind of packet formats, which has supported by 802.11b
-long PLCP PPDU
-short PLCP PPDU
 Long PLCP PPDU
This packet format is same as PHY layer format which is shown
in DSSS in IEEE 802.11
Only difference is encoded rate in the signal field
0x0A - used for 1Mbps
0x14 - used for 2Mbps
0x37 - used for 5.5Mbps
0x6E - used for 11Mbps
 Short PLCP PPDU
The short synchronization field consist of 56 scrambled zeros instead of
scrambled ones compared to long synchronization field.
The start frame delimiter consist of a mirrored bit pattern of the long
format.
0000 0101 1100 1111
Short PLCP PPDU, the preamble is transmitted at 1Mbps for DBPSK
and header is transmitted as 2Mbps for DQPSK.
 IEEE 802.11a
-IEEE 802.11a offers upto 54Mbps using OFDM. It uses the same
MAC layer and physical layer of IEEE 802.11
-uses many different technologies to offer data rate upto 54Mbps.
- It will use 52subcarriers that are modulated using
BPSK,QPSK,16QAM or 64QAM.
- To mitigate transmission errors ,forward error correction is applied
using coding rate of ½, 2/3,or 2/4.
 OFDM usage
OFDM is a multi-carrier modulation technique which is used to
transmitted single data stream over a number of lower rate
subcarrier either modulation or a multiplexing technique.
IEEE 802.11’s standard adopted OFDM technology because of
transmission high-rate wireless local area networks (WLANs).
The main reasons to merged OFDM in IEEE 802.11 is to increase
the robustness against frequency selective fading and narrow
interference.
There are some more features concerned with the OFDM
technology are: • High spectral efficiency • Great flexibility
• Confirmation to available channel bandwidth
 802.11a packet format
The PLCP preamble consists of 6,9,12,18,24,36,48,54 frequency
aquistation, channel estimation and synchronization. The
duration of the preamble is 16 micro seconds.
 Bluetooth
-short range radio technology
-developed for WPAN
-adhoc type of network operable over a small area
-it is a global standard that
*eliminate wires and cables between both statioary and mobile
devices.
*facilitates both data and voice communication
*offers the possibility of ad-hoc networks and delivers the
ultimate synchronicity between all our personal devices.
-Bluetooth is a dynamic standard
-Bluetooth is a standard for a small, cheap radio chip to be
plugged into computers,printers,mobile phones, etc,
 Bluetooth
Features:
• Sending files to a mobile phone/Palm.
• Receiving files from remote Bluetooth devices.
• Browsing files on a remote device.
• Stand-alone Bluetooth printing.
• Sharing a local printer over Bluetooth.
• Remote controls.
• Mobile phone SMS/Call related items.
Symbol:
 Bluetooth -Architecture
-bluetooth operates in the 2.4GHz and 79 RF channels with
1MHz carrier spacing.
-Bluetooth architecture contains two most important components
such as
piconet and scatternet
Piconet:
 Bluetooth -Architecture
-is a collection of device
-one unit acts as master and other as slave
-master determines hopping pattern in the piconet and slaves
have to synchronize to this pattern
-each piconet has aunique pattern
-each piconet has one master and upto 7 simultaneous slaves
-parked device(P) and standby device(SB) do not participate in
the piconet. More than 200 devices can be parked.
 Bluetooth -Architecture
Scatternet:
-is the process of linking of multiple
co-located piconets through the
sharing of common master or slave
device.

-can act as slave in one piconet and master of another piconet.

-communicate between different piconets takes place by devices
jumping back and forth between these nets.
 Bluetooth –Protocol stack
-can be divided into
Core specification and profile specification.
 Bluetooth –Protocol stack
The protocols of Bluetooth comprise the following elements.
-Bluetooth radio
-Baseband
-Link Manager protocol
-logical link control and adapation protocol
Service discovery protocol
Host controller interface
TCS BIN
OBEX
RFCOMM
WAE/WAP
 Hiper LAN
HiperLAN-High Performance Local Area Network
- is a wireless LAN standard
-it is a European Telecommunication standards Institutes.
-In hiperLAN radio waves are used instead of a cable as a
transmission medium to connect stations.
Requirements:
-short range 50m
-low mobility 1.4m/s
-network with and without infrastruture
-audio 32Kbps,10ns lattency
-video 2Mbps,100ns latency
-data 10Mbps immediate access.
 BRAN
-BRAN is standardized by the European telecommunication standard
institute.
-main motivation of BRAN is the de-regulation of the
telecommunication sector in Europe.
-radio is used to provide network access for customer.
-The advantages of radio access the high flexibility and quick
installation.
-radio waves allows for economical growth of a access bandwidth. If
more bandwidth is needed, additional transceiver system can be
installed easily.
-the primary market for BRAN includes private customer and small to
medium seized companies with internet application, multimedia
conferencing etc..
-BRAN has a large scope including indoor and campus mobility,
transfer rate of 25-155Mbps and transmission range of 50m-5Km.
 BRAN
Types:
HIPERLAN1
-high speed WLAN,data rate above 20Mbps
-range 50m,multipoint to multipoint
HIPERLAN2
-used for wireless access to ATM,data rates upto 25mbps,point
to multipoint connection.
HIPER ACCESS
-used to cover the last mile to a customer
HIPER LINK
-it provides fixed point connection upto 155Mbps,used to
connect different HIPERLAN access point.
 HIPERLAN2
-it provides more benefits compared to HIPERLAN1
-works at 5GHz and offers data upto 54Mbps,including QOS support and
enchanced security frame.
Features:
High throughput transmission
Connection oriented
Quality of service support
Dynamic frequency selection
Security support
Mobility support
Application and network independent
Power save
 HIPERLAN2-Architecture
-two Aps are attached to a core N/W
-core n/w may be Ethernet, fire wire, UMTS etc..

-each AP consists of AP controller and more than one AP transreceiver.

 WPAN-Wireless Personal Area Network
-can be made possible with network technologies such as
Bluetooth, Infrared association etc.
-IEEE 802.15 is the 15th working group of IEEE 802 with
specialize in wireless PAN standards.
-how the PAN is established in the home.
 WPAN-Wireless Personal Area Network

It includes four task groups

Task group 1-it includes a medium access control and physical
layer specification adapted from Bluetooth.
Task group 2-perform co-existence. deals with coexistence of
WLAN and WPAN.
Task group 3- 3(WPAN high rate),3a(WPAN alternate high rate.
Task group 4-WPAN low rate
 IEEE 802.15.4(LR WPAN)
-Low rate WPAN
-unlicensed frequency band, low data rate, long battery life.
Appln: Home automation and remote control
-define PHY & MAC layer specification of sensor and other PAN
networks.
-low power consumption
-reduced data rate and power efficient.
 IEEE 802.15.4(LR WPAN)
Architecture diagram for IEEE 802.15.4
 IEEE 802.15.4(LR WPAN)-PHY layer

The PHY data and PHY management service interfacing to the

physical layer management entity.
Features:
Activation and deactivation of the radio transceiver, energy
detection, link quality indication, channel selection and clear
channel assignment.
Data rate is 250Kbps at 2.4GHz,40Kbps at 915MHz,20Kbps at
868MHz.
 IEEE 802.15.4(LR WPAN)-PHY layer

Physical packet format

• Preamble (32 bits) – Symbol synchronization
• Start of Packet Delimiter (8 bits) – Frame synchronization
• PHY Header (8 bits) – Specifies PSDU length
• PSDU (up to 127 bytes) – Data field
 IEEE 802.15.4(LR WPAN)-Datalink layer
Divided into two sublayers MAC and LLC subsystem.
Provides service to an IEEE 802.2type logical link control through the
SSCS.
Features:
Acknowledged frame delivery,channel access mechanism,frame
validation.
MAC Format:
The MAC consists of the MAC header and MAC service data unit
and MAC footer.
The first field of the MAC header is the frame control field,which
indicates the type of MAC frame being transmitted ,specifies the
format of the address field and control the acknowledgement.
IEEE 802.15.4(LR WPAN)-Datalink layer
 IEEE 802.15.4(LR WPAN)-Network layer

Is responsable for topology construction and maintanance as well

as naming and binding services.
IEEE 802.15.4 support mltiple network topology including
star,peer to peer and cluster tree.
Applications:
Wide varity of appln
Automative sensing
Hme automation and networks
 Wireless USB
-is a form of universal serial bus technology that uses radio
frequency links rather than cables to provide the interfaces
between a computer and peripherals.
-such as monitors, printers, external drivers,headsets,MP3 players
and digital cameras.
-short range ,high bandwidth
-IPv6 was a key
-based on wimedia ultra wide band
-sending 480Mbps at a distance upto 3m,110Mbps upto 10m
-to operate 3.1GHz to 10.6GHz
 Wireless USB
Features:
-plug and play compatibility and hot swapping
-compatiability with earlier USB version
-dual role device,which work as aWUSB device, as well as a host
with several features.
-transfer rate upto 480Mbps or 110Mbps.
USB Cabling:
 Wireless USB
Characteristics of WUSB
-the logical topology of the USB is a star structure
-similar to computer networks
-uses a polling protocol
Protocol architecture of WUSB:
Function Layer
Device Layer
Bus Layer
 Wireless USB
USB System Architecture:
-is a logical bus that supports data exchange between a host
device and a wide range of peripherals.
-consists of a host and some number of devices
-can be described by three definitional area
USB interconnect
USB device
USB Host
 Wireless USB
Topology for USB
-connect USB devices with the USB host using a hub and spoke
model.
-USB host is the centre, each device sits at the end of a spoke.
-each spoke is a point to point connection between host and
devices.
 Zigbee (IOT Networks)

-IEEE 802.15.4 standard

-Wireless control and sensing networks
-2.4GHz frequency range
-1024 nodes
-range upto 200m
-low power device
-small packet size device
-industry and home application
-IEEE 802.15.4 commitee and zigbee alliance worked together
-zigbee implemented in mesh network
 Zigbee (IOT Networks)
What does zigbee do?
-designed function wireless control and sensor
-operate in PAN and device to device network
-control of light,switch,motors appln.
 Zigbee-Architecture
- These layers facilitate the features that make ZigBee very attractive:
low cost, easy implementation ,reliable data transfer ,short-range
operations , very low power consumption ,adequate security features
-ArchitectureLayers
1.Network and Application Support layer
2.Physical (PHY) layer
3.Media access control (MAC) layer
 Zigbee-Architecture
Zigbee Device Types
There are three different ZigBee device types that operate on the
layers in any self-organizing application network
Zigbee Coordinator node
Full Function Device (FFD)
Reduced Function Device(RFD)
Zigbee Coordinator Node:
It is the root of network tree and a bridge to other network
Able to store information about the network
Only one ZCN for a network
It act as a repositary for other security keys
 Zigbee-Architecture
The full Function Device
An intermediatory router transmitting data from other devices
Needs lesser memory than Zigbee coordinator node
Lesser manufacturing cost
Can operate on all topologies
Also act as a coordinator
FFD can operate in three modes-PAN coordinator,coordinator and a device
The Reduced Function Device
Device capable of talking in the network
It cannot relay data from other devices
Less memory
Cheaper than FFD
It talks only to the n/w coordinator
 Zigbee-Architecture
Zigbee topologies
Star topology
Peer to peer
Cluster tree
Applications:
commercial
industrial and government markets
Industrial control and management
 6LowPAN
-6Lowpan is ipv6 over low power WPAN area network.
-it optimize ipv6 packet transmission in low power and lossy network such as
IEEE 802.15.4
-Operate at two frequency
2400-2483.5MHz(WW)
902-929MHz(North America)
Features:
-converts the data format to be fit with the IEEE 802.15.4 lower layer
system.
-MTU of 1280bytes.
-supplementary adaption layer provides:
packet fragmentation
compression header
routing of data link layer
 6LowPAN-Architecture
Three different kind of LowPAN have been defined:
simple LowPANs
Extended LowPANs
Ad-hoc LowPANs
-A simple LowPAN is connected
Through one LowPAN edge router
To another IP.
- Extended LowPAN encompsses
The LowPANs of routers along
with a backbone link
 6LowPAN-Architecture
-Ad-hoc LowPAN is not connected to the internet
-LowPANs are connected to other IP networks through edge routers.
-the edge router plays an important role as it routes traffic in and out
of the LowPAN, while handling 6LowPAN compression and
neighbor discovery for the LowPAN.
-multiple edge routers can be supported in the same LowPAN share
the same ipv6 prefix which is distributed by the edge router and
routers throughout the LowPAN.
-the simple LowPAN and extended LowPAN nodes can
communicate with either of the server through their edge router.
 Protocol stack
Physical layer:
-it is based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard
-it provide two services.
-the key function of PHY data services is to
provide transmission and reception of data
packet between MAC and PHY through the
physical radio channel.
 Protocol stack
Datalink Layer:
-provides services to enable reliable,single hop communication link
between 6LowPAN nodes.
-MAC protocol data operate in non beacon mode
Adaption Layer:
-main components of 6LowPAN
-the major function of this layer is TCP/IP compression
-max.size of 128bytes,IPv6 header size is 40 bytes,UDP and ICMP
header size are 4 bytes,fragmentation header adds another 5 bytes
overhead.
Network layer:
-provides the internetworking capability to sensor nodes.
-addressing,mapping and routing protocol.