Presentation 3

DODOMA INSTITUTE OF HEALTH AND ALLIED
SCIENCES (DIHAS)
MODULE NAME:PARASITOLOGY AND
ENTOMOLOGY
MODULE CODE: NMT 04106
TOTAL CREDITS:-5
FACILITATOR: SIR. SIMON A. MOREMBWA

SESSION 3
COMMON BLOOD PROTOZOA CAUSING DISEASE
IN HUMAN
Learning Tasks
At the end of this session a learner is expected to be able to:-

• Identify species of Plasmodium
• Explain the life cycle of Plasmodium spp
• Describe morphological characteristics of Trypanosomes spp
• Explain the life cycle of Trypanosomes spp
1. Species of Plasmodium
There are four species of the genus Plasmodium

• Plasmodium falciparum
• Plasmodium vivax
• Plasmodium ovale
• Plasmodium malariae
2. Life cycle of Plasmodium spp
Life cycle of Plasmodium species takes place in two hosts:
1. Human
In the human the following are stages of life cycle of plasmodium
parasites:
• Sporozoites are injected with salaiva into humans
• Sporozoites infect liver cells and develop into schizonts
• Schizonts grow and rupture releasing merozoites which invade new
cells( RBC and liver cells)
• Merozoites infect red blood cells, Some parasites
differentiate into sexual erythrocytic stages (gametocytes)
• Blood stage parasites are responsible for the clinical
manifestations of the disease
2. Female Anopheles mosquito
• The gametocytes, male (microgametocytes) and female
(macrogametocytes), are ingested by an Anopheles mosquito
during a blood meal
• While in the mosquito's stomach, the microgametes penetrate
the macrogametes generating zygotes
• The zygotes in turn transform into another form called
ookinetes which develop into oocysts
• The oocysts grow, rupture, and release sporozoites which
make their way to the mosquito's salivary glands.
• Inoculation of the sporozoites into a new human takes place
when a mosquito next takes a blood
The life cycle of Plasmodium
3. Morphological Characteristics of Trypanosoma Spp
• Trypanosomes are minute, actively motile, fusiform protozoa,
flattened from side to side.
• The long sinuous body has a tapering anterior and a blunt posterior
end.
• The flagellum, projects from the anterior end after passing along the
margin of the undulating membrane, a wavy fold of the periplast on
the convex border of the trypanosome.
• A large oval nucleus, is situated toward the middle of the body
• Near the posterior end there is a kinetoplast, consisting of a
spherical or rod-shaped parabasal body of variable size and
an anterior connecting basal granule, the blepharoplast.
• Trypanosomes travel with a wavy spiral motion produced by
the contractile flagellum and Undulating membrane
• Both T.gambiense and T.rhodesiense are morphologically
indistinguishable
4. Life Cycle of Trypanosoma spp
• During a blood meal on the mammalian host, an infected tsetse fly
(genus Glossina) injects metacyclic trypomastigotes into skin tissue.
• The parasites enter the lymphatic system and pass into the
bloodstream.
• Inside the host, they transform into bloodstream trypomastigotes,
are carried to other sites throughout the body, reach other blood
fluids (e.g., lymph, spinal fluid), and continue the replication by
binary fission
• The entire life cycle of African Trypanosomes is represented
by extracellular stages.
• The tsetse fly becomes infected with bloodstream
trypomastigotes when taking a blood meal on an infected
mammalian host.
• In the fly’s midgut, the parasites transform into procyclic
trypomastigotes, multiply by binary fission, leave the midgut,
and transform into epimastigotes
• The epimastigotes reach the fly’s salivary glands and
continue multiplication by binary fission. The cycle in the fly
takes approximately 3weeks. Humans are the main reservoir
for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, but this species can also
be found in animals. Wild game animals are the main
reservoir of T. b.ense and Trypanosoma Rhodesiense
The life cycle of Trypanosoma spp
Key Points (5 Minutes)
• African Trypanosomiasis is transmitted through bite of infective

tsetse flies (Glossina species)
• Both male and female tsetse flies suck blood and able to transmit
the parasites to humans through transfusion of unscreened blood to
recipient
• The tsetse fly becomes infected with bloodstream trypomastigotes
when taking a blood meal on an infected mammalian host
Session Evaluation (5 Minutes)
• What are the modes of transmission of trypanosomes?

• What does Schizonts release when ruptures that invade RBC
and liver cells?
• What parasitic stage of plasmodium is responsible for the
clinical manifestations of the disease?
References
• Brooks, G. F., Carroll, K. C., Butel, J. S., & Morse, S. A. (2007). Jawetz, Melnick &
Adelberg’s medical microbiology. New York City, NY: McGraw-Hill.
• Cheesbrough, M. (1987). Medical laboratory manual for tropical countries (Vol. 1, 2nd
ed.). Oxford, United Kingdon: ELBS Butterworth-Heinemann.
• Cheesbrough, M. (1998). District laboratory practice in tropical countries: part 1.
Noida, India: Gapson Papers.
• Cook, G. (2008). Manson’s tropical diseases (22nd ed.). London: W.B. Saunders
• Gupte, S. (2010). The short textbook of medical microbiology including parasitology
(10th ed.). New Delhi, India: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers.
THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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DODOMA INSTITUTE OF HEALTH AND ALLIED

FACILITATOR: SIR. SIMON A. MOREMBWA

At the end of this session a learner is expected to be able to:-

There are four species of the genus Plasmodium

• African Trypanosomiasis is transmitted through bite of infective

• What are the modes of transmission of trypanosomes?

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