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    Alkanes: Contain Single Bonds CH - CH - CH - CH Saturated Hydrocarbon Substitution Reaction

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    Hesham El-Roussassi
    The document discusses several classes of organic compounds including alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, carboxylic acids, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, esters, ketones and amines. It provides examples of compounds from each class and notes some of their characteristic properties and reactions. Key features that distinguish each class are highlighted.

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    Alkanes: Contain Single Bonds CH - CH - CH - CH Saturated Hydrocarbon Substitution Reaction

    Uploaded by

    Hesham El-Roussassi
    31 views28 pages
    The document discusses several classes of organic compounds including alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, carboxylic acids, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, esters, ketones and amines. It provides examples of compounds from each class and notes some of their characteristic properties and reactions. Key features that distinguish each class are highlighted.

    Original Description:

    كورسات كيمياء

    Original Title

    Cyclo Al Kanes

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    The document discusses several classes of organic compounds including alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, carboxylic acids, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, esters, ketones and amines. It provides examples of compounds from each class and notes some of their characteristic properties and reactions. Key features that distinguish each class are highlighted.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    31 views28 pages

    Alkanes: Contain Single Bonds CH - CH - CH - CH Saturated Hydrocarbon Substitution Reaction

    Uploaded by

    Hesham El-Roussassi
    The document discusses several classes of organic compounds including alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, carboxylic acids, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, esters, ketones and amines. It provides examples of compounds from each class and notes some of their characteristic properties and reactions. Key features that distinguish each class are highlighted.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 28

    ALKANES

     Contain single
    bonds
     CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
     Saturated
    hydrocarbon
     Substitution reaction
    Cycloalkanes
     If the carbon chain that forms the straight-
    chain hydrocarbon is long enough, the two
    ends coming together to form a cycloalkane.
     One hydrogen atom has to be removed from
    each end of the hydrocarbon chain to form the
    CC bond that closes the ring.
     Cycloalkanes therefore have two less
    hydrogen atoms than the parent alkane and a
    generic formula of CnH2n.
    Examples of cycloalkanes

     The smallest alkane that can form a ring


    is cyclopropane, C3H6, in which the
    three carbon atoms lie in the same
    plane.
     The angle between adjacent CC bonds
    is only 60° as seen in the model below:
    Molecular models of
    cycloalkanes:

    cyclohexane cyclopropane

    cyclobutane cyclopentane
    Name the following:

     The following compound, for example,


    is a derivative of pentane because the
    longest chain contains five carbon
    atoms:

    Thus, its name is 2-methylpentane


    Naming the cycloalkanes:

     Find the longest continuous loop of


    carbon atoms in the skeleton structure.
     Name the compound as a derivative of
    the cycloalkane with this number of
    carbon atoms: 3-C = cyclopropane
    4-C =
    cyclobutane 5-C =
    cyclopentane
    Name the following
    cycloalkanes:
    Rings (or cyclic compounds) are composed of rings of carbon
    and sometimes oxygen or nitrogen. For example, cyclohexane
    has a ring of six carbon atoms.
     
                                  
                        

     
               

                   
               
    cyclobutane cyclopentane
    cyclopropane

    cyclohexane
    cyclohexanebromocyclohexane cyclohexene
    Alkenes
     Contain a double bond
     Unsaturated
     Addition reactions
     CH2=CH-CH2-CH3
     1-butene
     Polymerize
    Alkynes
     WHAT IS AN ALKYNE ????
     WHAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE ?
     WHAT IS IT’S STRUCTURE ?
     QUIZ
    A hydrocarbon with triple
    bonds.
    These make up the alkyne
    family
    Ethyne
    C 2H2
    H- C C - H
    Ethyne
    C2H2
    WHICH ONE IS AN ALKYNE?

    It’s not this


    You got it !!!!!
    one.
    Try again
    HOW DO WE NAME IT ?
    Name the Alkane compound
    with an -yne ending for a triple
    bond.
    The alkane methane as an alkyne….
    What is it’s name ?

    methyne
    The aromatic hydrocarbons:
    Benezene is good example: C6H6

    Interior ring formed by three


    double C-C bonds
    Also called a benzene ring
    The carboxylic acids:
    Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl group, which is a
    contraction of the carbonyl and hydroxyl names since
    carboxylic acids contain both groups attached to one carbon.

    Often written as: RCOOH or RCO2H

    IUPAC Nomenclature
    Carboxylic acids are named by replacing the -e of the alkane
    root name with -oic and adding the word acid. Substituents on
    the chain are named as usual.
    Some common acids:
    methanoic acid

    ethanoic acid

    propanoic acid

    2-methylpropanoic acid
    IUPAC naming of acids:
    The table below gives common and IUPAC names for some of
    the simple carboxylic acids.

    IUPAC Name Common Name Formula

    methanoic acid formic acid HCOOH

    ethanoic acid acetic acid CH3COOH

    propanoic acid propionic acid CH3CH2COOH

    butanoic acid butyric CH3(CH2)2COOH

    pentanoic acid valeric CH3(CH2)3COOH


    Alcohols
     R–OH
     R= alkyl group
     Poisonous
     Good solvents
     CH3CH2CH2OH
     1-propanol
    Ethers
     R-O-R/
     If R=R/ symmetrical
     CH3-O-CH3
     Dimethyl ether
     CH3-O-CH2CH3
     Ethylmethyl ether
     Non-polar solvents
    ALDEHYDES
    O

    =
     Carbonyl group –C—

    =
     O
    H - C -H
     Methanal
    http://www.chem.uni.edu/~macmil
    la/mcmurry/mcmurry_chapter_19a
    /sld001.htm
    Esters
    Formed by a reaction of an acid and an alcohol.

    Conversion of acids into esters is called esterification.

    Ester structure
    Ketones
    General structure R—CO—R'

    Organic compounds, usually react


    AMINES
     Contain nitrogen
     R-NH2
     CH3-NH2
     Methylamine
     Polar substance

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