Energy and The New Reality, Volume 2: C-Free Energy Supply Chapter 9: Carbon Capture and Storage
Energy and The New Reality, Volume 2: C-Free Energy Supply Chapter 9: Carbon Capture and Storage
Energy and The New Reality, Volume 2: C-Free Energy Supply Chapter 9: Carbon Capture and Storage
L. D. Danny Harvey
[email protected]
Publisher: Earthscan, UK
Homepage: www.earthscan.co.uk/?tabid=101808
Source: Gale et al (2005, ‘Sources of CO2’, in IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture
and Storage, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK)
Figure 9.1 A chemical solvent-based plant that captures
a mere 200 tCO2/day
Source: Thambimuthu et al (2005, IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK)
All of the stationary CO2 sources worldwide of 0.1
MtCO2/yr or more account for about 54% of total
world CO2 emissions (see Table 9.2)
Options for capture of CO2 from fossil
fuel powerplants:
B IG C C B I G C C w ith c a p tu r e
P a r a m ete r w ith o u t w ith o u t w it h
c a p tu re w a te r s h ift w a te r s h ift
C a p it a l c o s t ( $ /k W ) 1250 1730 1980
N e t e ffic ie n c y (H H V b a s is )(% ) 34 28 25
E m is sio n (k g C /k W h ) 0 -0 .1 4 - 0 .2 0
C a r b o n c a p tu r e fr a c tio n 0 .4 4 0 .5 5
E ffe c tiv e C O 2 c a p tu r e fr a c tio n 0 .3 2 0 .3 9
N o n - f u e l O & M ( $ /k W - y r ) 100 131 146
C o s t o f e le c tr ic ity (c e n ts /k W h ) 5 .9 8 .2 9 .3
C o s t o f C O 2 r e m o v e d ($ /tC ) 102 123 135
Source: Rhodes and Keith (2005, Biomass and Bioenergy 29, 440–450
Various schemes for capturing CO2 that would be
produced from gasification of black liquor (a
processing waste) in integrated pulp and paper
appear to be much more favourable, but would
also require many years of intensive research and
development
Status of BECCS projects in 2014
6 Withdrawal
Consumption
Water Use (litres/kWh)
0
Without With Without With Without With
Sub-critical PC Super-Critical PC IGCC
Source: Shuster (2008, Estimating Freshwater Needs to Meet Future Thermoelectric Generation Requirements. US
Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory)
Transmission and injection of CO2
30
Fossil Fuel CO2 Emission (GtC/yr)
25 Scenario 1
Scenario 2
20
Scenario 3
15
Scenario 4
10
0
2000 2025 2050 2075 2100
Year
Figure 9.14b Rates of injection of CO2 into the oceans, equal to
the difference in emissions between Scenario 4 of Fig. 9.12a and
the indicated scenario
30
Rate of C Sequestration (GtC/year)
Scenario 1
20
Scenario 2
10
Scenario 3
0
1900 2100 2300 2500 2700 2900 3100
Year
Figure 9.15a Atmospheric CO2 concentration for emission Scenario
1 with and without C sequestration, and for emission Scenario 4.
1750
1500
Atmospheric pCO2 (ppmv)
Scenario 1 without
1250
sequestration
1000
Scenario 1 with
750 sequestration
500 Scenario 4
250
1900 2100 2300 2500 2700 2900 3100
Year
Figure 9.15b Atmospheric CO2 concentration for emission Scenario
2 with and without C sequestration, and for emission Scenario 4.
750
700
650
Atmospheric pCO2 (ppmv)
400
350
Scenario 4
300
250
1900 2100 2300 2500 2700 2900 3100
Year
Figure 9.15c Atmospheric CO2 concentration for emission Scenario
3 with and without C sequestration, and for emission Scenario 4.
550
sequestration
450
400
Scenario 3 with
350 sequestration
Scenario 4
300
250
1900 2100 2300 2500 2700 2900 3100
Year
Figure 9.14b Impact on the pH of ocean surface water of fossil fuel
scenarios without CCS (solid lines) and with CCS (dashed lines)
8.5
8.4
8.3 Scenario 3 Scenario 4
8.2
8.1
8.0
pH
7.9 Scenario 2
7.8
7.7
7.6 Scenario 1
7.5
1900 2100 2300 2500 2700 2900 3100
Year
Conclusion with regard to injection of CO2 into
deep ocean water:
Thus, we use only the first part of CCS (Carbon capture) and omit the
storage part (and all the problems and uncertainties associated with
that), and instead use the capture CO2 to make SNG. Of course, this
CO2 is now ultimately emitted to the atmosphere, but total emission
(including from the original CO2 sources) is reduced
We could have a C-neutral source of SNG if
biomass were gasified (producing a mixture of CO
and H2) and then reacted with additional H2
produced by electrolysis, to produce CH4. This SNG
would be used in place of fossil fuel NG in situations
(such as home heating and hot water) where it is
too costly to eliminate the use of natural gas