BUILDING

STRUCTURES
PORTFOLIO
INDEX
:-
Types of high rise structures

Rigid frame structures

Lateral load resisting mechanism

Types of high rise structures and number of

stories Rigid frame structures

Wind loads

Retaining walls

Earthquake

loads
TYPES OF HIGH RISE
STRUCTURES :-
• Buildings between 75 feet and 491 feet (23 m to 150 m) high are considered high-
rises. Buildings taller than 492 feet (150 m) are classified as skyscrapers.
The materials used for the structural system of high-rise buildings are reinforced concrete
and steel. Most American style skyscrapers have a steel frame, while residential tower
blocks are usually constructed out of concrete.
High-rise structures have certain features. The structures are high & lead to higher vertical
loads and higher lateral loads (mainly due to wind stress) in comparison with lower
buildings.

LOADS ON THE HIGH RISE STRUCTURES

Vertical Loads
• Dead loads arise from the weigh to the individual construction elements and the
finishing loads.
· However, the reduction of the total live load on a construction element may not exceed 4 0
. Horizontal Loads
•Calculation of lateral loads should be carefully scrutinized. Type of High-Rise Structure
Unexpected Deflections 1. Braced Frame

• It arises from imprecision in the manufacture of 2. Rigid Frame Structure

construction elements and l 3. Infilled Frame Structure
4. Flat Plate and Flat Slab Structure
5. Shear wall structure
6. Coupled wall structure
7. Wall-frame structure
8. Framed tube structure
9. The trussed tube
10. Tube in tube or Hull core
structure
11. Bundled tube structure
12. Core and Outriggers system
13. Hybrid structure
RIGID FRAME
STRUCTURE :-
Rigid Structural Frame
The word rigid means ability to resist the deformation. Rigid frame
BUILDING APPLICATIONS
Rigid frame is found in a wide variety of building styles and uses:
structures can be defined as the structures in which beams & Warehouses
columns are made monolithically and act collectively to resist the Retail stores Churches
moments which are generating due to applied load. Plants
MOMENT RESISTING CONNECTIONS Agricultural buildings Equipment
The so-called rigid connections are typically full depth end-plate shelters
connections and extended end-plate connections. The most common Multi-story buildings of any height
of these is the bolted end-plate beam-to-column connection. The
BENEFITS OF RIGID FRAME
selection depends on the budget.
Welded connections can be used in place of the bolted end-plate, CONSTRUCTION :-
especially in seismically active regions. Welded connections can provide Cost-effective
Energy-ef ficient
full moment continuity but tend to be on the expensive side. If used,
Floors are not
the welded connections should be prefabricated rather than welded sensitive to vibration
on-site. Site-bolting takes less time and minimizes labor costs. Connections perform better in load reversal situations and
earthquakes
Types of frame structures :- There are a few disadvantages in that the connections are more complex
Frames structures can be differentiated into: and can complicate the erection process. The initial cost of the structure
1. Rigid frame structure is greater as well, but the investment is easily returned by the long life of
Which are further subdivided into: the building.
• Pin ended
• Fixed ended
2. Braced frame structure
Which is further subdivided into:
• Gabled frames
• Portal frames
LATERAL L O A D RESISTING
MECHANISM :-
A natural hazard like Earthquake causes damage to or collapse of buildings if not
designed for lateral loads resulting due to Earthquake. Hence for seismic resistance
for high rise structures it is important to provide exclusive Lateral Load Resisting
System (LLRS) which will supplement the behavior of moment resisting frames in
resisting the lateral load. The dual structural system consisting of special moment
resisting frame (SMRF) and concrete shear wall has better seismic performance
due to improved lateral stiffness and lateral strength. A well designed system of
shear walls in a building frame improves its seismic performance significantly. Steel
bracings are also one of the successful lateral load resisting system. The use of
steel bracing systems for strengthening or retrofitting seismically inadequate
reinforced concrete frames is a viable solution for enhancing earthquake
resistance. In the present study, we have used square grid of 20m in each direction
of 5m bay in each direction, software used for the analysis is ETABS 7.0, and the
work has been carried out for the different cases using shear wall and bracings for
the different heights, maximum height considered for the present study is 75m.

Bracings

dual system

Shear walls

Moment
Resisting
Frame
 TYPES OF HIGH RISE STRUCTURES AND NUMBER OF
STORIES :-
• Buildings between 75 feet and 491 feet (23 m to 150 m) high are considered high-rises. Buildings taller than 492 feet (150 m) are classified as skyscrapers.
• The materials used for the structural system of high-rise buildings are reinforced concrete and steel. Most American style skyscrapers have a steel frame, while residential tower blocks
are usually constructed out of concrete.
• High-rise structures have certain features. The structures are high & lead to higher vertical loads and higher lateral loads (mainly due to wind stress) in comparison with lower
buildings.

LOADS ON THE HIGHRISE STRUCTURES

• Vertical Loads
• Horizontal loads
• Deflection winds
• Wind load
• Earthquake load
• Unexpected deflection
RIGID FRAME STRUCTURES :-
Lateralloadresistingsystems
Lateral load resisting systems are structural elements which resist seismic, wind and eccentric gravity loads. There are a lot of
different systems but they can be broken down to three fundamental ones which all other systems are a combination of. They are:
¼ Shear walls
¼ Moment resisting frames
¼ Braced frames

Braced frame
Bracing is another way to take care of horizontal loads.
The simplest method is to place a diagonal brace, nodes
are designed as leads. The transfer of horizontal loads
down to one of the supports takes place in the braces
direction in the form of either axial tension or
compression depending on the direction of the
horizontal load. This means that the axial stiffness of the
frame members is what is resisting lateral loads. When
subjected to a horizontal load, in an X-brace, one of the
diagonals will be subjected to compression while the
other
Bracedis in tension,
rigid frame
If the braced frame, or shear walls, and a rigid frame
are combined, it produces a greater amount of lateral
stiffness. This is because of the way the two systems
react to the horizontal loads. With the moment frames
shear deformation and the bracing’s bending
deformation the combined deformation is more
efficient, as shown in Figure 2.12.
WIND LOAD :-
WIND LOADS

Buildings and their components are to be designed to withstand the code-

specified wind loads. Calculating wind loads is important in desig of the wind
force-resisting system, including structural members, components, and cladding,
against shear, sliding, overturning, and uplift actions.

Wind Load Calculation Procedures

The design wind loads for buildings and other structures shall be
determined according to one of the following procedures:
Wind load effects :-
(1)Method 1 – Simplified procedure for low-rise simple diaphragm buildings
• As mentioned before, wind load effects cannot be neglected and are considered very important when high rise buildings
(2)Method 2 – Analytical procedure for regular shaped building and structures are to be designed. The load from the wind rarely affects the design up to ten storey building. However, the
(3)Method 3 – Wind tunnel procedure for geometrically complex buildings and effect is more crucial in case of buildings higher than ten storey.

• High strength new materials have been developed over the past years. More advancement in architectural aesthetics and
forms have made high rise buildings more efficient and lighter in many methods of analysis in combination of
system and design which are more prone to deflections and sway, (Gerges and Benuska, 2013).

• Depending on the wind load it can be divided into static and dynamic loading. For shorter time periods loading can be
seen as dynamic while for long periods of time loading was perceived as static. In this section, wind under
dynamic response is discussed. The building under dynamic wind pressure produces sinusoidal or narrow band
random vibration motion, in both along- wind and across – wind direction as well as rotation about its vertical
axes, see Figure 2.10.
The magnitudes of the displacements depend on wind velocity distribution and
irection. It also depends on the mass stiffness and shape of the building. The across – wind action have a
greater effect in some cases when compared to the along wind action on the building. Wind load is dynamic on
shorter periods of time yet it is often replaced y an equivalent static load which represents the maximum
magnitude in the designing tage. When a building is relatively flexible the dynamic response should be considered
o as to investigate the stress levels and the accelerations which may have a drastic effect to the comfort of
the occupants.
RETAINING
WALLS
What :-
is a Retaining
Wall?
A retaining wall is a structure that holds or retains soil behind it. There are many types of materials that can be used to create retaining walls like concrete
blocks, poured concrete, treated timbers, rocks or boulders. Some are easy to use, others have a shorter life span, but all can retain soil.
Types of retaining walls
1. Gravity
2. Cantilevered
3. Sheet piling
4. Bored pile
5. Anchored
Alternative retaining techniques
Construction types of gravity retaining
6. Soil nailing
walls
7. Soil-strengthened
8. Gabion meshes
9. Mechanical stabilization Bank protection made with Reinforced earth with gabions supporting
mattresses in Vrtižer, Slovakia a multilane roadway, Sveti Rok, Croatia

Bridge abutment with

gabions
 EARTHQUAKE
LOADS :-
• Earthquake load takes place due to the inertia force produced in the building because of seismic excitations. Inertia force is varies with the mass. The higher mass of the structure
will imply that the earthquake loading will also be high.
• When the earthquake load exceeds the moment of resistance offered by the element, then the structure will break or damage.

• The magnitude of earthquake loading depends upon the weight or mass of building, dynamic properties of the building and difference in stiffness of adjacent floors along with the
intensity and duration of the earthquake.
• Earthquake load acts over the surface of a structure placed on ground or with adjacent building.
• Earthquake load depends on the following factors, 1) Seismic hazard, 2) Parameter of the structure and 3) Gravity load.
• Each building or structure is assigned a seismic group of design to identify the force and intensity of earthquake. It will be used to plan the buildings in such a way to reduce the
damage caused by the earthquake. Some buildings located in the same locality might get differently affected by earthquake loading. Flexibility of the building plays one of the
major roles during earthquake.
• The ratio of height to width defines the flexibility. Greater the ratio, greater will be the flexibility of building. Another physical behavior is stiffness of the building. For the taller
building, stiffness will be less.
EFFECT OF WIND LOAD ON TALL
STRUCTURES :-

• As the wind blows against a building, the resulting force acting on the elevations is
called the ‘wind load’. The building’s structural design must absorb wind forces
safely and efficiently and transfer them t o the foundations in order t o avoid
structural collapse.
• Wind and earthquake loadings are the two major types o f lateral dynamic excitations
experienced by high-rise buildings. An efficient design must ensure the safety o f
structural and non-structural components o f a building against both types o f
loadings.
THANK YOU