INT - PIK Fat and Oil

Oils and Fats Industry
Introduction, oils and fats, oils and vegetable fats,

oils and animal fats
Introduction
Difference between oils and fats?
Oils and fats components :
◦ Main component : triglycerides
◦ Other component :
 Triglycerides derivatives : glycerol, fatty acids,
mono and diglyceride
 Non-glyceride derivatives : phospholipid, sterols,
pigments, vitamins, dll.
Usage of oils & fats in industry
Oils and fats Kegunaan

Animal fats Soaps, lubricant, paint, vernish, fatty acid
Coconut oils Fatty alcohol, soap, detergent
Linseed oil (minyak biji rami) Paint, vernish, floor coating, lubricant, grease
Soybean oils Paint, vernish, floor coating, lubricant, grease
Castor bean oils Coating, plastic, plasticizer, lubricant
Tung oil Paint, vernish
Tall oil Soap, leather, paint, emulsifier, adhesive, ink
Tung Oil
Tung tree (Aleurites fordii)
Tall Oil
A mixture of acid compounds from pine
gums which is the by product of the pulp
industry.
Derivative oils and fats
World Oilseed Production 2003
Cottonseed Rapeseed
10% 12%
Peanut
10%
Soybean
56%
Sunflower
seed
8%
Copra
Palm kernel 2% Data tahun 2003
2%
Other Edible Oils
Corn oil
Flaxseed/ Linseed oil
Sesame seed oil

Yield of Vegetable Oil
Raw Material % Raw Material %
Babassu kernel 63 Palm kernels 45
Castor beans 45 Peanut in shell 30-35

Corn kernels 4 Peanut shelled 45-30
Copra 63 Rapeseed 35
Cottonseed 15 Sesame seed 47
Flaxseed/ lineseed 34 Soybeans 18
Kapok seed 18
Extraction and Purification of oils and
fats
The main component of oils and fats :
triglycerides, with minor mount of other lipid
component.
Extraction Edible Oils and Fats
Extraction and Purification of Oilseeds
Pretreatment
Extraction
Refining  Degumming and
nutralization
Bleaching
Deodorization
Winterization
Oil Refining Process
Seed Preparation
Extraction
Refining
Pretreatment
This process includes cleaning the seeds
using magnet, screen or aspirator system.
Peeling the seeds using a corrugated roll
mill or a ball mill, the skin is separated
from the seeds by screening and air
clarification.
Extraction of oils and fats
Extraction methods:
◦ Rendering  to extract fats, bones, whale
oils, fresh coconut palm oils.
◦ The fatty tissues are chopped into small pieces
and boiled in steam digesters. The fat is
gradually liberated from the cells and floats to
the surface of the water, where it is collected
by skimming.
◦ Mechanical Pressing
◦ Solvent Extraction
Pressing oils and fats
General sequences :
◦ Preparation of the seed to remove stray bits of metals
and impurity removal
◦ Size reduction by grinding
◦ Cooking and pressing in hydraulic or screw presses
Solvent Extraction
Extraction on cake (residual cake, containt 3-
15% of oils) using solvent
Solvent for edible oil : hexane or heptane,
(petroleum ethers), TD 63,3 – 68,9°C).
Refining (Degumming )
Degumming mainly reduces the phosphatides and
metal content of the crude oil by mixing it with an acid
and water.
The phosphatides are present in free hydratable form
(HP) or in nonhydratable form (NHP), mostly in
combination with some Ca++, Mg++, or Fe++.
Degumming consists of treating the oil with 0.05%
concentrated phosphoric acid and water.
The enzymatic degumming process, can be done by
removing the fatty acid on the C-2 position of the
glycerol, using a phospholipase A2 enzyme as
biocatalyst.
Refining (Neutralization)
In the degumming process, the remaining NHP
in the oil after acid treatment, and the free fatty
acids formed during the hydrolysis (lipolysis) of
the HP, are further removed by neutralization.
The oil is treated with an excess of 0,1% caustic
soda solution and heated to about 75°C to break
any emulsions formed.
The emulsion is separated with centrifuge or
settling tank.
DEGUMMING :
NEUTRALIZING :
Flow Diagram of Degumming Process
Bleaching
The refined oils are usually dark because of
some impurity such as pigment (chlorophyll or
carotenoids), phospholipid, metal, etc.
Bleaching can reduces the color by absorbing
these colorants on bleaching earth (bentonite
clay) (0,1-2%) or activated charcoal, or both
BLEACHING :
Flow sheet of a double batch bleaching
process with acid pretreatment
Two-stage counter-current bleaching with
prefiltration
Deodorization
Most fats and oils, have characteristic odors
owing to the presence of 0.2-0.5% of impurities
Deodorization is conducted at a temperature
between 220-260 oC, at a pressure between 2-4
mbar, and under injection of 0,5-3% of steam in a
stainless steel vessel.
Flowsheet Batch Deodorization Process
Flowsheet Continuous Deodorization
Process
Winterization
The process to remove certain components
that solidify at low temperatures.
Performed by cooling oils at temperatures
of 5oC and filter the solid component.
Generally done for sunflower oils, olive,
rice bran, and partially hydrogenated
soybean oils.
Flowsheet Cottonseed Oil
Flowsheet of Soya Oil

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Oils and Fats Industry

Introduction, oils and fats, oils and vegetable fats,

Oils and fats Kegunaan

Sesame seed oil

Castor beans 45 Peanut in shell 30-35

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