Burgess model or concentric zone model – urban land use model :Ernest Burgess gave a model to define how

different social groups are located in a metropolitan area. Social groups based on the socio-economic status of
households and distance from central area or downtown. This model is known as the concentric zone model
because the different locations were defined in the form of rings around the core urban area around which city
grew. Burgess Model is another name for this model (given after the name of Ernest Burgess). Concentric Zone
Model or CCD model was developed between 1925 and 1929 based on the study of American cities. Chicago city
was studied for which Burgess provided empirical evidence. This was one of the many models studied under 
settlement geography such as Hoyt Model or Sector Model. Different zone in the Burgess Model or Concentric
Zone Model Various researchers and scholars have debated over the number of zones in the Burgess concentric
zone model. Some consider them to be five whereas some consider 6 zones to explain this urban land use model.
The center is the oldest part of the city around which the city expands over time, and the newest development
comes on the edges.Zone I (Central Business District) – This is the center (innermost zone) where the central
business district is located and has highest land value. The zone has tertiary activities and earns maximum
economic returns. Another feature is the accessibility of the area because of the convergence and passing of
transport networks through this part from surrounding and even far places in the city. This part has tall buildings
and noticeably high density to maximize the returns from land. Commercial activity taking place in the area results
in negligible residential activity in this zone.Zone II (Transition Zone) – The mixed residential and commercial use
characterizes this zone. This is located adjacent and around the CBD and is continuously changing, i.e. transition
takes place. Another feature is the range of activities taking place like mixed land use, car parking, cafe, old
buildings. This zone is considered to “decay”  because of a large number of old structures as the buildings in
transition zone were earlier used for factories and tenement housing blocks. This zone had a high population
density when industrial activities were at their peak. Those residing in this zone were of the poorest segment and
had the lowest housing condition.Zone III (Inner City/ Working Class zone) – This area is occupied for residential
purpose and also known as “inner city” or “inner suburbs.” It consisted of houses built to accommodate factory
workers but had better condition than the transition zone. This area has a mix of new and old development and
generally requires orderly redevelopment. People living in this zone are second generation immigrants as many
moves out of the transition zone to this zone whenever affordable. This zone is nearest to the working area with
modest living conditions, and this resulted in reduced commuting cost. Another interesting feature includes the
large rental housing occupied by single workers.Zone IV (Outer Suburbs/ White Collar Homes)  – This zone had
bigger houses and new development occupied by the middle class. Many of the homes are detached, and unlike
single occupants of inner suburbs, families resided in these homes. Better facilities are available to the residents
like parks, open spaces, shops, large gardens but this comes at an increased commuting cost.Zone V (Commuter
Zone)  – This is the peripheral area and farthest from the CBD, this resulted in highest commuting cost when
compared with other zones. Significant commuting cost gave the name “commuter zone” to this part. People living
in this part were high-income groups which could afford large houses, could pay commuting charges, had access to
different transportation mode, enjoy modern facilities like shopping malls. Low rise development, large gardens,
less population density are some of the characteristics of this zone.
The rationale behind Concentric zone theory Burgess model takes into account the positive correlation
between economic status and distance from downtown. This considers, better the economic status more
the distance from the central area. The central area has high density, and the availability of land is
scarce. Because of this more affluent segment of the society reside away from the city center where they
can build large houses. Burgess described the changing spatial patterns of residential areas as a process
of “invasion” and “succession”. As the city grew and developed over time, the CBD would exert pressure
on the surrounding zone (the zone of transition). Outward expansion of the CBD would invade nearby
residential neighborhoods causing them to expand outward. The process continues with each successive
neighborhood moving further from the CBD. His work included the study of bid rent curves according to
which the land with the highest rent was occupied with economic activities of highest returns.Limitations
and Criticisms of Concentric zone model: Concentric zone model is one of the simplest model
available. This model accounts for the economic forces which drive development and the study of
patterns present at the time of the study. But with the evolution and passage of time urban areas grew
more complex and this model cannot define the development of existing cities. Some of the limitations
and criticism include:1) Although widely appreciated in the United States Burgess model is not applicable
outside the US. This is so, as the pattern of growth is different because of various circumstances. 2)The
relevance of this model decreased over time. With the advancement in the mode of transportation, mass
transit vehicles, motor vehicles, cars changed the way people commute. Accordingly, their preference for
living in a particular zone changed. 3)It does not take into account the effect of political forces and the
restrictions imposed by the government for the improvement of living conditions. 4)In reality, no distinct
zones and boundaries exist as overlapping of areas is possible in every town. The preference of people
changes over time depending on the importance they associate for a particular benefit.his model is not
applicable to polycentric cities as many CDB exists in such towns. Moreover, every city is different, and
the factors influencing the growth of a city are diverse. ZONES CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT* TRANSITION
ZONE (DETERIORATED housing , FACTORIES,ABANDONED BUILDINGS) WORKING CLASS ZONE:(single family
tenements ) * RESIDENTIAL ZONE: ( single family homes, yards/ gararges.) *COMMUTER ZONE: suburbs
Multiple Nuclei Model Harris and Edward Ullman of 1945
Multiple nuclei model of 1945 by C.D. Harris and Edward L. Ullman is based on the argument that the cities have
multiple growth points or “nuclei” around which growth take place. This model was given in an article by them “The
Nature of Cities.” This is one of the widely adopted models which was applicable to modern cities unlike older
models studied under settlement geography Concept and need for Multiple Nuclei Model. This model is based on the
structure of Chicago just like the Burgess model or Concentric zone model of 1925. It can be considered as an
attempt to explain the structure of the city taking into account the complexity and growth over time. Harris and
Ullman argued that a city might start with a single central business district (CBD), but over the time the activities
scatter and gets modified. The scattered activities attract people from surrounding areas and act as smaller nuclei in
itself. These small nuclei gain importance and grow in size and start influencing the growth of activities around them.
Multiple nuclei model 3 dimensional view The need for this model was to provide a more realistic explanation of the
cities. The influence of cars on personal travel and greater movement of goods offered opportunity in different places
instead of concentrating all economic activities in one place. People started optimizing their business for maximum
profit by locating at a different place and bringing down their rent with a slight increase in transportation cost.
Whereas some activities like industrial areas create pollution and are thus preferred to be located away from
residential areas. This model is considered to be more suitable for cities which are large and expanding.Activities
listed under the model
The activities listed in the model can be considered as independent zones which influences activities around them.
These are also formed because of their dependence on one another when such activities are located in proximity a
“nuclei” is said to be developed.*Central business district,Light manufacturing,Low-class residential,Middle-class
residential,Upper-class residential,Heavy manufacturing,Outlying business district,Residential suburb,Industrial
suburb Assumptions for Multiple Nuclei ModelThe land is not flat – This provides a more practical application of the
multiple nuclei model and is an improvement over the Burgess model. It is difficult to find flat land for big cities, and
the terrain features effects the activities, development, and direction of growth of an urban area. Even distribution
of resources – Resources are evenly distributed within the city,  no one enjoys privileges or have exclusive access to
resources. Even distribution of people in Residential areas – People are distributed homogeneously and not
concentrated in a particular area or pocket. This is essential as an unevenly distributed population has a direct impact
on markets. Even transportation cost – Transportation cost is even in the city and not influenced by location.
Profit maximization – A particular activity will locate itself where maximum profit can be earned. For this, a
different combination of rent, transportation costs, labor cost,  proximity to market may be tried, and the
combination which yields the best result gives the final location for the activity. This location also takes into account
the restrictions over the activity and the need to be separated from other non compatible activities such as locating
residential areas away from industrial, locating large industries with more accessibility to reduce transportation
cost and to ease the movement of goods.LIMITATIONS: Multiple nuclei model was considered much better than the
previous simple models which attempted to explain the structure of urban areas. However, this model also had its
limitations and could not be applied to many cities and did not entirely explain the structure of urban areas.
Formation of well-defined zones or “nuclei” required the considerable size of the city as the small or new towns do
not have a very well defined location because of which they are usually scattered. Another drawback is the limited
activities which are considered in the model along with the very rigid and specific boundaries of the activities. Some
other disadvantages include:*Negligence of the height of buildings.*Non-existence of abrupt divisions between
zones.*Each zone displays a significant degree of internal heterogeneity and not homogeneity.*Unawareness of
inertia forces.*No consideration of the influence of physical relief and government policy.*The concepts may not
apply to Asian cities with different cultural, economic and political backgrounds.

 
ZONING; Regulation by law of use of land and/or buildings and height and density of buildings in specific areas for the
purpose of securing convenience, health, safety and general welfare of the community.Zoning is a planning control tool for
regulating the built environment. Establishment of regulations to govern the use of the zoned land. It includes general rules
for *Setbacks*Height*Plot shape*Land use *Converge*Density.
Consideration of future growth and development. TYPES: DENSITY ZONING: In density zoning, the density of population in
the residential areas is controlled by means of suitable rules and regulations.Indirect measures are adopted to have
effective density zoning:1)The front, side and rear margins of the boundaries are specified.2)The maximum height of the
building is specified.3) The maximum size of allotment for each house is specified.4) The number of houses per unit area is
limited.5) The ratio of total site area to the total built-up floor area is specified.
HEIGHT ZONING: The height zoning aims at controlling the height of buildings with due consideration of contents of the
buildings and the street width/ the marginal open spaces for the provision of light and ventilation.The height zoning affords
the following advantages:1) Controls the development of central business area of the cities and it thereby assists in solving
the problems associated with such heavy concentration e.g. traffic congestion etc.2) It is found that if buildings with
uniform height are constructed on important streets or roads, it gives pleasing aesthetic appearance.3) It prevents an
undue monopoly of light and ventilation by some tall buildings at the expense of adjacent units of small heights. USE
ZONING: This is the most important aspect of zoning and it defines the uses to which various parts of the town will be put.
They are classified into four sub-divisions: (1) Residential zone(2) Commercial zone(3) Industrial zone(4) Recreational
zone(5) Institutional zone (6) Special zone: Heritage Areas. Transition Zone: In order to have a smooth zone from one zone
to another, a transition zone is sometimes accommodated in zoning. The transition zone links up two adjoining zones and
forms a boundary between the two.
*The most important fact to be remembered is that the boundary between the two zones should be well distinguished by
boundary line of plots instead of streets. *Older zoning ordinances regulated the shape, volume and placement of building
by height limitations, set back requirement (that buildings be set back from the street at a certain space) surroundings,
buildings, and courtyards. They were applied to all buildings in the relevant zones. This form of zoning was criticised for its
rigidity.*The modem zoning methods use volume or floor areas ration based on the relationship between buildings to admit
day light is also restrictions on the uses to which land may be put. The big apartment flats of big heights may be constructed
very near to small cottages or houses and thereby, they suffer from loss of light and air for surrounding structure. The unsightly
factories giving obnoxious gases and untimely noises invade the residential area of the town and by the way of their working, they
make the residential area unfit for living.The public amenities may be provided as the need arises and ultimately, a time may come
when it’s become either too costly or practically impossible to alter or to modify such amenities.
HEIRARCHY AND TYPES OF PLANS IN INDIA:There are number of plans available to direct the development in an
urban or rural areas. The levels at which they operate is different & similarly the nature and details provided in
each type is different. On basis of Area under planning the types of plans are as follows: ZONAL PLAN: The master
plan divides the city into sub-divisions or zonesCriteria’s followed are :*Physical & historical growth,*Character of
land,*Intensity of land – use,*Circulation pattern ( railways , major arteries etc. )*Municipal boundaries , election &
census wards Contents of a zonal plan*Land use plan confirming to the master plan*Location and extent of land
uses*More detailed circulation pattern*Special objectives of the zone if any*Allocation of use zones into further
use premises. Functions of a zonal plan:*A zonal development plan details out and elaborates the policies of the
master plan*Acts as a link between the master plan and the layout plans*Contains a land-use plan for the
development of the zone and show the approximate locations and extents of land-uses proposed in the zone*The
schemes and layout plans indicating use premises should confirm to the master plan. LOCAL AREA PLAN:A local
area plan (lap) sets out a strategy for the proper planning and sustainable development of a specific area within a
local authority and for a timescale as specified by the authority.Contents of a local area plan*Land use zoning
&density*Public open space*Private open space*Car parking*Provision of infrastructure*Conservation of built
heritage*Conservation of natural environment*Provision of traveler accommodation*Community facilities*Design
& development standards. Functions of a local area plan:*A local area plans gives plot level detail*It is also used to
check if the master plan is confirming with land. SECTOR PLAN:A sector plan consists of a group of neighborhoods
where it is possible to provide higher order facilities for larger populationContents of a sector plan*It is a detailed
site plan with broad identification of residential clusters*Allocation of commercial areas and other facilities based
on access requirement*Formation of a boundary depending on circulation pattern  and administrative setup*Social
and physical infrastructure to be allocated based on development control norms laid down in master plan*Traffic
links to be identified between arterials and collector roads Functions of a sector plan*Each sector plan has to
identify the various neighborhoods with population ranging from 3500-15000*It is the lowest level plan for the
implementation of the various levels of planning proposals extensively detailed out. MASTER PLAN:It is an
instrument to work out land and infrastructure requirements for various urban and rural uses, and allocate land for
various uses.*Aims for harmonious and sustainable distribution of activities so that towns / cities are provided with
a form and structure within which they can perform all their economic and social functions efficiently and
effectively. *The purpose of a Master Plan is to promote growth and guide and regulate present and future
development of towns and cities with a perspective of 20-25 years.
Basic Characteristics of Master Plan:*It’s a Physical plan:  the plan is fundamentally a guide to the physical
development of the community.*It is long ranged: involves long term planning.It is comprehensive:  encompasses
all the functions that make a community work, such as transportation, housing, land use, utility systems, and
recreation. Moreover, the plan considers the interrelationships of function.*Guide to decision making: for the
planning board, the governing board and mayor or manager.*Statement of public policy: The plan translates
community values, desires, and visions into land use and development principles that can guide the future growth
of your community. *Master Plan is comprehensive that is it integrates various aspects of planning like housing,
transportation, infrastructure etc. *All the aspects are considered that affects the quality of life of people and all
the interrelationships between various aspects.*Multidisciplinary in nature*Master plan should consider the
environmental and costs related to it. The proposals for development should be environmentally
sustainable.*Master Plan is based on inclusive planning. It considers all sections of people in society in
development proposals and focuses on affordability. *Master plan gives restrictions on ecologically sensitive areas,
on heritage sites and traditional built up areas and gives special norms for these places. *Master Plan leads to a
balanced growth of the city. *It prevents concentration of a particular activity at one place and takes into account
efficient distribution of facilities, infrastructure, networks and housing and follows neighborhood concept of
development.
PROCESS OF MASTER PLAN FORMULATION: Legal Process *A statutory backing is needed to prepare any legal plan
so that it can be implemented on ground.*It is governed by principles, statutes, and
codes which is derived from the state.  *Various legislations which provide legal
backing are: Development authority act; urban improvement trust act; Town and
country planning act. CONCLUSION: Master Plan provides the Vision, Aim, Objectives
for the city development by studying its historical Background and current scenario
*Master Plan gives the study of current and future scenarios for all these components
*Maps are prepared for all of the above components*It highlights the issues of each
Sector*It gives project proposals and policies for the every category. WEAKNESS OF
MASTER PLAN:Master Plan is a future plan document which uses the present data
or maybe past data for future projections. So, it is outdated by the time it gets
implemented.*Usually no physical surveys are conducted each time a master plan is
made; It is a rigid document.*Lack of implementation on time; Lack of actual
public participation; Often the coordination between various agencies is