G.722-Wideband Speech Coding

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G.

722- wideband speech coding


G.722
• G.722 is a ITU-T standard 7 kHz wideband speech
codec operating at 48, 56 and 64 kbit/s.
• It was approved by ITU-T in November 1988.
• Technology of the codec is based on sub-band
ADPCM .
• G.722 sample audio data at a rate of 16 kHz
(using 14 bits), double that of traditional
telephony interfaces, which results in superior
audio quality and clarity.
G.722
• This is useful for voice over IP applications,
such as on a local area network where
network bandwidth is readily available, and
offers a significant improvement in speech
quality .
• G.722 is also widely used by broadcasters for
sending commentary grade audio over a
single 64 kbit/s ISDN B channel.
Features
• Operates at 64, 56 or 48 kbps-( 48 & 5 kbps for
supporting auxillary channel of 16 & 8 kbps resp.)
• Converts audio signals into uniform digital signals
which are coded using 14 bits with 16 kHz samples.
• User selectable processing frame size and I/O formats.
• Full and half duplex modes of operation
• Optimized for high performance on leading edge DSP
architectures
• Multichannel implementation
• Multi-tasking environment compatible
G.722 wideband audio codec
Speech output/ audio signal is
Filtered to 7KHz to prevent aliasing
Then sampled at 16 ksps
Transmit Audio Part
is composed of
• Input level adjustment device
• Input anti-aliasing filter
• Sampling device operating at 16 kHz
• Analog-to-uniform digital converter with 14
bits using 14 bit UQ (having a bank of TWO 24
coefficient FIR filters) and with 16 kHz
sampling
64 kbit/s audio encoder and 64, 56, or 48 kbits audio
decoder
• Transmit audio part which converts an audio signal to a uniform digital signal
which is coded using 14 bits with 16 kHz sampling (224 kbit/s)
• SB-ADPCM encoder which reduces the bit rate to 64 kbit/s (G.722 encoder uses
64 kbit/s at all times irrespective of mode of operation)
• Data Insertion Device which uses the least significant bit or two least significant
bit of the encoded signal as auxiliary data channel

• Data Extraction Device which extracts the auxiliary data from the encoded
audio data at the receiver side
• SB-ADPCM decoder which performs the reverse operation to the encoder (The
effective audio decoding bit rate of the decoder can be 64, 56 or 48 kbit/s
depending on the mode of operation)
• Receive audio part which reconstructs the audio signal from the uniform digital
signal which is encoded using 14 bits with 16 kHz sampling
G.722 SB-ADPCM encoder
HPF passes all remaining frequencies.

LPF passes all frequency components in the range of 0 to 4 KHz


Quadrature Mirror Filters (QMF)
HPF passes all remaining frequencies.

LPF passes all frequency components in the range of 0 to 4 KHz

 ADPCM encodes the downsampled output of Low frequency filters uses 6 bits per sample with the
Option of dropping 1 or 2 LSBs in order to provide room for the auxillary channel.

 output of HPF is encoded using 2 bits per sample.

 6 bits of encoding the LF subband produces the rate of 48 Kbps and HF sub band produces the
rate of 16 Kbps, totally 64 Kbps.
SB-ADPCM encoder
samples are taken at 125µs intervals.

converts the input


signal s(k) from A-law
or µ-law PCM to a
uniform PCM signal

 4-level non-uniform adaptive quantizer is used to quantize the difference signal


d(k) for operating at 16 Kbps.
 Prior to quantization, d(k) is converted to a base 2 logarithmic representation and
scaled by y(k), which is computed by the scale factor adaptation block:
Inverse Adaptive Quantizer
• A quantized version dq(k) of the difference signal is produced
by scaling, using y(k).

Quantizer Scale Factor Adaptation

This block computes y(k), the scaling factor for the


quantizer and the inverse quantizer.
The inputs are the 5-bit, 4-bit, 3-bit, 2-bit quantizer
output, I(k), and the adaptation speed control parameter
al(k).
Adaptation Speed Control
• The controlling parameter, al(k), can assume values in the range
[0, 1].
• It tends towards unity for speech signals, and towards zero for
voice band data signals.
• It is derived from a measure of the rate-of-change of the
difference signal values.
• Two measures of the average magnitude of I(k) are computed:
dms(k) is a relatively
short-term average of
F|I(k)|, and dml(k) is a
relatively long-term
average of F|I(k)|.
Adaptive Predictor and Reconstructed Signal
Calculator
• The primary function of the adaptive predictor is to
compute the signal estimate, se(k), from the
quantized difference signal, dq(k).
• Two adaptive predictor structures are used, a sixth
order section that models zeros, and a second order
section that models poles in the input signal.
• This dual structure effectively caters for the variety
of input signals which might be encountered.
The signal estimate is computed by
Tone and Transition Detector
• To improve performance for signals
originating from frequency shift keying (FSK)
modems operating in the character mode, a
two-step detection process is defined.
• First, partial band signal (that is, tone)
detection is invoked so that the quantizer can
be driven into the fast mode of adaptation:
Data Insertion Device
• It is only needed for the applications which requires
an auxiliary data channel within the 64 kbits/sec.
• The three possible modes of operations and the
respective audio decoding rates of decoder are given
as
Data Extraction Device
• It is only needed for applications requiring an
auxiliary data channel within the 64 kbits/sec.
• Data Extraction Device at the receiver side
determines the mode of operation and
extracts the appropriate data bits.
• If auxiliary data channel is used at the
transmitter side, Data Extraction device
separates the audio data and auxiliary data at
the receiver side.
G.722 SB-ADPCM decoder
synchronous coding adjustment

• prevents cumulative distortion occurring on


synchronous tandem codings (ADPCM, PCM,
ADPCM, etc. digital connections), when:
1. The transmission of the ADPCM and the
intermediate 64 Kbps PCM signals is error free
2. The ADPCM and intermediate 64-Kbps PCM
bit streams are not disturbed by digital signal
processing devices.

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