Chapter 3:

Making Decision
Outline

 Relational Operations
 If statement
 If
 If/else statement
 If/else if
 Logical operators
 Switch
Relational Operators
 Relational operations allow you to compare numeric and
char values and determine whether one is greater, less, equal
to, or not equal to another.

 Operators:
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal to
<= Less than or equal to
== Equal to
!= Not equal to

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Relational Expressions
 Boolean expressions – true or false
 Examples:
12 > 5 is true
7 <= 5 is false
if x is 10, then
x == 10 is true,
x != 8 is true, and
x == 8 is false

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int x, y ;
x = 4;
y = 6;

EXPRESSION VALUE

x<y

x+2<y

x != y

x + 3 >= y

y == x

y == x+2

y=x+3
int x, y ;
x = 4;
y = 6;

EXPRESSION VALUE
x<y true
x+2<y false
x != y true
x + 3 >= y true
y == x false
y == x+2 true
y=x+3 7
Relational Expressions

 Can be assigned to a variable:

result = x <= y;
 By default, assigns 0 for false, 1 for true
 Do not confuse = and ==
 0 is false; any other value is true

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Like all C++ expressions,
relational expressions are
evaluated to yield a numerical result.
A condition that we would interpret as true
evaluates to an integer value of 1;
a false condition results in an integer value of 0.

Samples:
cout << (3 < 4) << endl;
cout << (2.0 > 3.0);
Results:
1
0

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Outline

 Relational Operations
 If statement
 If
 If/else statement
 If/else if
 Logical operators
 Switch
if statement
Select whether or not to execute a statement (which can
be a single statement or an entire block) without the
else clause

TRUE
expression

FALSE statement
Flowchart for Evaluating a Decision

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The if Statement
 General Format:

if (expression)
statement;

 If the expression is true, then

statement is executed.
 If the expression is false, then
statement is skipped.

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 Example: Check a Car’s Mileage
#include <iostream>
int main ()
{
double LIMIT = 30000.0; //set car mileage limit
double mileage = 0.0; //stores mileage entered by user
cout << "Please enter the mileage recorded on the car: ";
cin >> mileage;

if (mileage > LIMIT)

{
cout << "This car is over the limit.";
}
else {
cout<<“the mileage is between the range of good mileage”<<endl;
}

cout << "\n\nEnd of program.";

return 0;
}
Example: Results

Output from first run:

Please enter the mileage recorded on the car: 35620.8
This car is over the limit.

End of program.

Output from second run:

Please enter the mileage recorded on the car: 25620.3

End of program.
 (Program Continues)

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Slide 4- 18
Flowchart for Lines 21 and 22

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if statement notes
 Do not place ; after (expression)
 Place statement; on a separate line
after (expression), indented:
if (score > 90)
grade = 'A';
 Be careful testing floats and doubles
for equality
 0 is false; any other value is true

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Expanding the if Statement
 To execute more than one statement as part of an if
statement, enclose them in { }:
if (score > 90)
{
grade = 'A';
cout << "Good Job!\n";
}

 { } creates a block of code (like your main function)

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Outline

 Relational Operations
 If statement
 If
 If/else statement
 If/else if
 Logical operators
 Switch
if-else provides two-way selection between executing one of 2 clauses:
the if clause or the else clause

FALSE TRUE
expression

else clause if clause

The if/else Statement

• Provides two possible paths of execution

• Performs one statement or block if the
expression is true, otherwise performs
another statement or block.

• General Format:
if (expression)
statement1; // or block
else
statement2; // or block
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Use of blocks recommended
if ( expression )
{
“if clause”
}
else
{

} “else clause”
A compound statement consists of
individual statements enclosed within braces.
Syntax:
if(expression)
{
statement1;
statement2;
statement3;
}
else
{
statement4;
statement5;
statement6;
}
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Exercise: mail order
Assign value .25 to discount_rate and assign value 10.00 to
ship_cost if purchase is over 100.00

Otherwise, assign value .15 to discount_rate and assign value

5.00 to ship_cost
if(expression)
{
Either way, calculate total_bill statement1;
statement2;
statement3;
}
else
{
statement4;
statement5;
statement6;
}
These braces cannot be omitted
if ( purchase > 100.00 )
{
discount_rate = .25 ;
ship_cost = 10.00 ;
}
else
{
discount_rate = .15 ;
ship_cost = 5.00 ;
}

total_bill = purchase * (1.0 – discount_rate) + ship_cost ;

(Program Continues)
Outline

 Relational Operations
 If statement
 If
 If/else statement
 If/else if
 Logical operators
 Switch
if/else if format (if-else chain or extended if-
else)
 Using nested if statements

if ( Expression1 )
Statement1
else if ( Expression2 )
Statement2
.
.
. EXACTLY 1 block of these
else if ( ExpressionN ) statements will be executed.
StatementN
else
Statement N+1
Used when only one condition
can be true
Example
Marital Status Input Code
Married M
Single S
Divorce D
Widowed W
Example
int main ( void )
{
char marital_status; //marital status code entered by user
//Prompt user for marital status code
cout << "Enter a marital code: " << endl;
cin >> marital_status;
//Displays marital status message
if (marital_status == 'M')
cout <<"Individual is married." << endl;
else if (marital_status == 'S')
cout <<"Individual is single." << endl;
else if (marital_status == 'D')
cout <<"Individual is divorced." << endl;
else if (marital_status == 'W')
cout <<"Individual is widowed." << endl;
else
cout << "An invalid code was entered." << endl; //used as error message
return 0;
}
Output (Test all possible paths):
Enter a marital code:
D
Individual is divorced.
Enter a marital code:
S
Individual is single.
Enter a marital code:
M
Individual is married.
Enter a marital code:
W
Individual is widowed.
Enter a marital code:
m
An invalid code was entered. //results in an error message
Exercise: extended if statement (if-else chain):

Calculate the monthly income of a salesperson by using the following

commission schedule:

Monthly Sales Income

Greater than or equal to $50,000 $375 plus 16% of sales

Less than $50,000 but greater than or equal to $350 plus 14% sales
$40,000
Less than $40,000 but greater than or equal to $325 plus 12% sales
$30,000
Less than $30,000 but greater than or equal to $300 plus 9% sales
$20,000
Less than $20,000 but greater than or equal to $250 plus 5% of sales
$10,000
Less than $10,000 $200 plus 3% of sales

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 //Calculates salesperson's income
if(monthly_sales >= 50000.00)
income = 375.00 + .16 * monthly_sales;
else if(monthly_sales >= 40000.00)
income = 350.00 + .14 * monthly_sales;
else if(monthly_sales >= 30000.00)
income = 325.00 + .12 * monthly_sales;
else if(monthly_sales >= 20000.00)
income = 300.00 + .09 * monthly_sales;
else if(monthly_sales >= 10000.00)
income = 250.00 + .05 * monthly_sales;
else income = 200.00 + .03 * monthly_sales;

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int main ( void )
{
//stores salesperson’s name, monthly sales and calculated income
double monthly_sales = 0.0, income = 0.0;
string salesperson_name;
//Prompts user for salesperson's name & sales
cout << "Please enter the saleperson's name: ";
getline(cin, salesperson_name);
cout << "Enter the value of monthly sales: " << endl;
cin >> monthly_sales;
//Calculates salesperson's income
if (monthly_sales >= 50000.00)
income = 375.00 + .16 * monthly_sales;
else if (monthly_sales >= 40000.00)
income = 350.00 + .14 * monthly_sales;
else if (monthly_sales >= 30000.00)
income = 325.00 + .12 * monthly_sales;
else if (monthly_sales >= 20000.00)
income = 300.00 + .09 * monthly_sales;
else if (monthly_sales >= 10000.00)
income = 250.00 + .05 * monthly_sales;
else income = 200.00 + .03 * monthly_sales;
//Displays salesperson's name & income
cout << setprecision(2) << fixed <<showpoint;
cout << salesperson_name << " has earned a total monthly income of $"
<< income << endl << " based on monthly sales of $" << monthly_sales;
return 0;
}
Outline

 Relational Operations
 If statement
 If
 If/else statement
 If/else if
 Logical operators
 Switch
Boolean Expressions

Simple boolean expression use relational and/or logical

operators.

6 Relational (or comparison) Operators

< <= > >= == !=

3 Logical Operators
! && ||
LOGICAL
EXPRESSION MEANING DESCRIPTION

!p NOT p ! p is false if p is true

! p is true if p is false

p && q p AND q p && q is true if

both p and q are true.
It is false otherwise.

p || q p OR q p || q is true if either
p or q or both are true.
It is false otherwise.
Truth Table – Logical “AND”

X Y X && Y
TRUE TRUE

TRUE FALSE

FALSE TRUE

FALSE FALSE
Truth Table – Logical “AND”

X Y X && Y
TRUE TRUE TRUE

TRUE FALSE FALSE

FALSE TRUE FALSE

FALSE FALSE FALSE

Truth Table – Logical “OR”

X Y X || Y
TRUE TRUE

TRUE FALSE

FALSE TRUE

FALSE FALSE
Truth Table – Logical “OR”

X Y X || Y
TRUE TRUE TRUE

TRUE FALSE TRUE

FALSE TRUE TRUE

FALSE FALSE FALSE

Truth Table – Logical “not”

X !X

TRUE

FALSE
Truth Table – Logical “not”

X !X

TRUE FALSE

FALSE TRUE

If the Boolean expression is true, the combined expression is false.

If the Boolean expression is false, the combined expression is true.

Logical Operators - examples

int x = 12, y = 5, z = -4;

(x > y) && (y > z)

(x > y) && (z > y)

(x <= z) || (y == z)

(x <= z) || (y != z)

!(x >= z)
 Logical Operators - examples

int x = 12, y = 5, z = -4;

(x > y) && (y > z) true

(x > y) && (z > y) false

(x <= z) || (y == z) false

(x <= z) || (y != z) true

!(x >= z) false

Write an expression for each
• tax_rate is over 25% and income is less than
$20000
(tax_rate > 0.25) && (income < 20000)
• temperature is less than or equal to 75 or
humidity is less than 70%
(temperature <= 75) || (humidity < .70)
• age is over 21 and age is less than 60
(age > 21) && (age < 60)
• age is 21 or 22
(age == 21) || (age == 22)
Example
The extended if statement should be as follows to allow the user to enter
either uppercase or lowercase marital codes:
//Displays marital status message
if (marital_status == 'M' || marital_status == 'm')
cout <<"Individual is married." << endl;
else if (marital_status == 'S' || marital_status == 's')
cout <<"Individual is single." << endl;
else if (marital_status == 'D' || marital_status == 'd')
cout <<"Individual is divorced." << endl;
else if (marital_status == 'W' || marital_status == 'w')
cout <<"Individual is widowed." << endl;
else
cout << "An invalid code was entered." << endl;
Logical Operators - notes

• ! has highest precedence, followed by &&,

then ||
• If the value of an expression can be
determined by evaluating just the sub-
expression on left side of a logical operator,
then the sub-expression on the right side will
not be evaluated (short circuit evaluation)
• 3 logical operators order of precedence
! && ||
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 As with all expressions, parentheses can be used to alter the
assigned operator priority and to improve the readability of relational
expressions. By evaluating the expressions within the parentheses first,
we find that the following compound condition is evaluated as shown:

(6 * 3 == 36 / 2) || (13 < 3 * 3 + 4) && !(6 – 2 < 5)

(18 == 18) || ( 13 < 9 + 4 ) && !( 4 < 5 )
1 || (13 < 13) && !1
1 || 0 && 0
1 || 0
1

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Nested if statements
An if-else statement can contain simple or compound statements.
Any valid C++ statement can be used, including another if-else statement.
Thus, one or more if-else statements can be included within either part of an
if-else statement.

for statement1 in the if statement

if ( hours < 9 )
statement1;
else
cout << “pop”;
results in the nested if statement
if ( hours < 9 )
{
cout << “snap”;
if ( hours > 6 )
cout << “snap extra”;
}
else
cout << “pop”;
Slide 4- 59
 The braces around the inner one-way if are essential,
because in their absence, C++ associates an else with the closest
unpaired if. Thus, without the braces, the foregoing statement is
equivalent to
if ( hours < 9 )
if ( hours > 6 )
cout << “snap”;
else
cout << “pop”;

Here, the else is paired with the inner if, which destroys the meaning of the
original if-else statement. Note also that the indentation is irrelevant as far
as the computer is concerned. Whether the indentation exists or not,
the statement is compiled by associating the last else with the closest
unpaired if, unless braces are used to alter the default pairing.
The process of nesting if statements can be extended indefinitely,
so the cout << “snap”; statement could itself be replaced by either
a complete if-else statement or another one-way if statement.
Slide 4- 60
Outline

 Relational Operations
 If statement
 If
 If/else statement
 If/else if
 Logical operators
 Switch
Multi-alternative Selection
is also called multi-way branching, and
can be accomplished by one of two methods:
 Using sequential if statements

if ( Expression1 )
Statement1;
if ( Expression2 )
Statement2;
.
.
. One or more of these statements
if ( ExpressionN ) may be executed.
StatementN;
Used when more than one
condition can be true

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Slide 4- 63
switch statement format
switch (expression) //integer or character
{ // start of compound statement
case exp1: // terminate with a colon
statement1;
break;
case exp2: // terminate with a colon
statement2;
break;
...
case expn: // terminate with a colon
statementn;
break;
default: // terminate with a colon
statementn+1;
} //end of switch & compound statement

Slide 4- 67
switch statement
requirements
1) expression must be an integer variable or an
expression that evaluates to an integer value
2) exp1 through expn must be constant integer
expressions or literals, and must be unique in the
switch statement
3) default is optional but highly recommended

Slide 4- 68
switch statement – how it
works
1) expression is evaluated
2) The value of expression is compared against exp1
through expn.
3) If expression matches value expi, the program
branches to the statement following expi and continues
to the end of the switch
4) If no matching value is found, the program branches to the
statement after default:

Slide 4- 69
break statement

 Used to exit a switch statement

 Useful to execute a single case statement
without executing the statements following it
 If it is left out, the program "falls through" the
remaining statements in the switch
statement
 Used to stop execution in the current block

Slide 4- 70
Slide 4- 71
Slide 4- 72
Slide 4- 73
Slide 4- 74
Multiple case values
switch (number)
{
case 1:
cout << "Have a Good Morning" << endl;
break;
case 2:
cout << "Have a Happy Day" << endl;
break;
case 3: case 4: case 5:
cout << "Have a Nice Evening" << endl;
break;
}

We can use multiple case values to refer to the same set of

statements; the default label is optional
Character data types in “Switch”
switch (choice)
{
case 'a': case 'e': case 'i': case 'o': case 'u':
cout << "\nThe character in choice is a vowel." << endl;
break;
default:
cout << "\nThe character in choice is not a vowel." << endl;
break; //this break is optional
} // end of switch statement

Because character data types are always converted to integers in an

expression, a switch statement can also be used to "switch" on the basis
of the value of a character expression