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    NYS Relationships and Biodiversity Lab

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    Steven Perrricelli Jr
    Rainforests currently cover approximately 6% of the Earth but were once 14%. Rainforest destruction is reducing this area and experts estimate all rainforests could be gone in 40 years. This would be problematic as 25% of medicines and potential cancer treatments come from rainforest plants, but less than 1% have been tested. One example is the Madagascar Periwinkle, which provided substances to treat leukemia and Hodgkin's disease. In the NYS lab, students aim to determine which of three species (X, Y, or Z) is most closely related to the endangered plant Botana curus, as a similar species may also produce the anticancer compound Curol, preventing its limited production. Students will analyze structural

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    NYS Relationships and Biodiversity Lab

    Uploaded by

    Steven Perrricelli Jr
    103 views21 pages
    Rainforests currently cover approximately 6% of the Earth but were once 14%. Rainforest destruction is reducing this area and experts estimate all rainforests could be gone in 40 years. This would be problematic as 25% of medicines and potential cancer treatments come from rainforest plants, but less than 1% have been tested. One example is the Madagascar Periwinkle, which provided substances to treat leukemia and Hodgkin's disease. In the NYS lab, students aim to determine which of three species (X, Y, or Z) is most closely related to the endangered plant Botana curus, as a similar species may also produce the anticancer compound Curol, preventing its limited production. Students will analyze structural

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    Rainforests currently cover approximately 6% of the Earth but were once 14%. Rainforest destruction is reducing this area and experts estimate all rainforests could be gone in 40 years. This would be problematic as 25% of medicines and potential cancer treatments come from rainforest plants, but less than 1% have been tested. One example is the Madagascar Periwinkle, which provided substances to treat leukemia and Hodgkin's disease. In the NYS lab, students aim to determine which of three species (X, Y, or Z) is most closely related to the endangered plant Botana curus, as a similar species may also produce the anticancer compound Curol, preventing its limited production. Students will analyze structural

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    103 views21 pages

    NYS Relationships and Biodiversity Lab

    Uploaded by

    Steven Perrricelli Jr
    Rainforests currently cover approximately 6% of the Earth but were once 14%. Rainforest destruction is reducing this area and experts estimate all rainforests could be gone in 40 years. This would be problematic as 25% of medicines and potential cancer treatments come from rainforest plants, but less than 1% have been tested. One example is the Madagascar Periwinkle, which provided substances to treat leukemia and Hodgkin's disease. In the NYS lab, students aim to determine which of three species (X, Y, or Z) is most closely related to the endangered plant Botana curus, as a similar species may also produce the anticancer compound Curol, preventing its limited production. Students will analyze structural

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    The passage discusses rainforests, their importance and biodiversity, threats they face from deforestation, and how studying plant species can help develop new medicines and cancer treatments.

    Rainforests cover approximately 6% of the earth's surface but contain over 50% of the world's biodiversity. They are important sources of medicines and many potential cures exist within rainforest plants that have not been studied. Loss of rainforests threatens many species with extinction.

    Deforestation due to logging, agriculture, mining, and development is the main threat to rainforests and experts estimate most may be gone within 40 years if destruction continues. This will lead to the loss of potentially life-saving medicines and species.

    NYS Relationships and

    Biodiversity Lab
    Rainforests
    Approximately 6% of the earth is covered in
    rainforests
    Rainforest Destruction
    • At one time 14% of the earth was
    covered in rainforests
    • Decline is due to logging for wood, agriculture,
    mining, industrial development, and increased
    demand for hydroelectric power
    • Experts estimate rainforests will be gone in
    approximately 40 years
    Importance in Medicine
    • 25% of pharmaceutical products (medicines)
    are derived from rainforest plants
    • 65% of all plants with cancer fighting
    properties come from rainforest plants
    • Less than 1% of rainforest plants have been
    tested for medical properties
    • Estimated that lose approximately 140 plant,
    animal, and insect species everyday due to
    deforestation of rainforests
    Cancer Treatment
    • Madagascar Periwinkle
    • Substances derived from Periwinkle are used
    to treat leukemia and Hodgkin's disease
    • Improved the chances of surviving childhood
    leukemia from 10% to 95%
    • 97% of forests in Madagascar
    have been destroyed
    • Plant is extinct in the wild
    NYS Lab Background
    • Botana curus is a FAKE plant that produces
    Curol
    • Curol is a cancer treatment
    • Unfortunately, Botana curus is ENDANGERED
    and therefore Curol can only be produced in a
    limited quantity
    NYS Lab Purpose
    Your Task:
    • Determine which species (X, Y, or Z) is most
    closely related to Botana curus

    Idea:
    • A similar species will most likely produce Curol
    • Therefore Curol will not be limited in supply
    NYS Lab Procedure
    You will Use:
    • Structural Evidence (appearance of plants and
    seeds)
    • Molecular Evidence (DNA, pigments,
    enzymes, tissue arrangement, and proteins)

    You will Conduct SEVEN tests


    Test #1- Structural Characteristics
    of Plants
    • Use the hand lens to observe the leaves of the
    four species
    • Record similarities and differences relative to
    Botanus curus
    Test #2- Structural Characteristics
    of Seeds
    • Use the hand lens to observe the seeds of the
    four species
    • Record similarities and differences relative to
    Botanus curus
    Test #3- Microscope Internal
    Structure of Stems
    • Use a microscope on LOW
    power to study a cross-section
    of a stem from each of the four Cross-Section
    species
    • Record whether it is a:

    Scattered Circular
    Arrangement Arrangement
    Hypothesis
    • Hypothesize which species (X, Y, or Z) is most
    closely related to Botana curus…write your
    prediction in your lab on page 2

    • Provide an explanation for your hypothesis…


    write your explanation in your lab on page 2
    Test #4- Paper Chromatography to
    Separate Plant Pigments
    • Plants contain pigments which provide them
    with color
    • Paper Chromatography separates compounds,
    in this case pigments, in a mixture
    • Used to determine:
    – which pigments are in the plant
    – the relative amount of each
    pigment
    Test #4- Paper Chromatography to
    Separate Plant Pigments Cont…
    • Obtain chromatography paper and a cup
    • Use a PENCIL to draw a line approximately
    2cm from the bottom of the paper
    • Label the top edge with Bc, X, Y, and Z
    • Place one drops of plant extract from each of
    the species JUST ABOVE THE PENCIL LINE
    Test #4- Paper Chromatography to
    Separate Plant Pigments Cont…
    • Add enough water to cover the bottom of the
    cup
    • Fold the paper and stand it in the
    cup as shown in the diagram
    • Leave the paper alone to allow the pigments
    to travel
    • Record observations about
    the colors and amounts
    of pigments
    Test #5- Indicator Tests for
    Enzyme M
    • Different plants have different enzymes
    • Test each species for enzyme M
    • Put one SMALL scoop of indicator power in a
    well and add 2-5 drops of Botana curus
    • Repeat the test for species X, Y, and Z
    • If enzyme M is present a fizzing
    reaction will happen
    • Record whether enzyme M is
    present or not present
    Test #6- Using Simulated Gel
    Electrophoresis
    • Gel Electrophoresis is a procedure in which
    DNA fragments (pieces) are separated based
    on their size
    • Smaller molecules travel further through the
    gel (fit through the pores easier)
    • Uses enzymes to “cut” the
    DNA into pieces and
    electric currents to
    separate the pieces
    Test #6- Using Simulated Gel
    Electrophoresis
    • Compare the DNA banding pattern of the four
    species
    • Obtain DNA molecules for each species
    • Use a highlighter to mark all of the CCGG
    sequences (the enzyme binds to these
    sequences)
    • Use scissors to cut between the C and G in
    each sequence (the enzyme cuts these at this
    location to create fragments of DNA)
    Test #6- Using Simulated Gel
    Electrophoresis
    • Ask for help to fill out your lab packet
    • Count the number of bases on each fragment
    • Shade the appropriate space to indicate the
    position of each band in the gel
    • Record the number of bases for each fragment
    in table 1
    – Example: If you shaded in 3, 7, and 8 then write
    “3, 7, 8” in your data table
    Test #7- Translating the DNA Code
    to Make a Protein
    • Compare a protein made by each species
    • Use the DNA sequences in the lab page 4
    • Translate the DNA sequence into an RNA
    sequence
    • Use the Genetic Code Chart to transcribe the
    RNA sequence into an amino acid sequence
    Analysis
    Use the data to help you answer each question
    in the analysis section of the lab

    Make sure your answers are DETAILED…

    Remember NYS makes the grading key for this


    lab!!!! There is no room for interpretation!!!

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