CONCEPTS AND PERSPECTIVE OF

COMMUNITY
Community
Hillery (1955) reviewed 94 different definitions of community, and he concluded that the ce
ntral link in understanding community is by focusing on its people, aside from regarding it a
s a place. The following are the most common notions of defining community:
1. Community as shared political territory and heritage
2. Community as shared as a network of interpersonal ties based on common interest
3. Community as a profound sharing of spiritual and/ or emotional connection

”Community” is so easy to say. The word itself connects us with each other. It describes an
experience so common that we never really take time to explain it. It seems so simple, so n
atural, and so human. In the social sector, we often add it to the names of social innovation
s as a symbol of good intentions.
But the meaning of community is complex. And, unfortunately, insufficient understanding o
f what a community is and its role in the lives of people in diverse societies has led to the d
ownfall of many well-intended “community” efforts.
 COMMUNITY
THE WORD “COMMUNITY” IS DERIVED FROM
LATIN AND HAS BEEN USED IN THE ENGLISH
LANGUAGE SINCE THE 14th CENTURY. IT IS
DERIVED FROM THE LATIN WORD
COMMUNISTAS (THE SAME), WHICH IS IN
TURN DERIVED FROM COMMUNIS (COMMON,
PUBLIC, SHARED BY ALL OR MANY)

It's about People live Communities are Communities have formal

people in multiple nested within and informal institution
communities each other
 A number of ways to categorize types of
community that have been proposed

Location-based Communities
range from the local neighborhood,
suburb, village, town, region, nation,
etc.

TYPES OF Identity-bad Communities

COMMUNITIES range from sub-culture, ethnic group,
religious, multicultrual or pluralistic
civilization, or the global community
cultures of today.

Organizationally-based Communities
range from communities organized informally
around family or network-based guilds and
associations to more formal incorporated
association, political decision making structures,
economic enterprises.
 Nature of Community

IT CAN EXIST
IT'S A SOCIAL
WITHIN A LARGER
CONSTRUCT
COMMUNITY

IT HAS A FUZZY
IT MAY MOVE
BOUNDARIES
A Sense of Community
The term Sense of Community is a term originally coined by McMillan (1
976) and is refined inthe work of McMillan and Chavis (1986). The term
means “a feeling that members have of belonging, a feeling that memb
ers matter to one another and to the group, and a shared faith that me
mbers’ needs will be met through their commitment to be together”

There’s concept of “we feeling” - a sense of belongingness

Community Structure
A community consists of social, cultural, political, and economic structures which keep t
he
community intact and integrated whole. The different kinds of structures in community
are the ff.:
1. Community social structure – Social Institutions, Social Groups, Status, and Roles
2. Community cultural structure – Symbols, Languages, Norms, Values, Beliefs, Rituals,
and Artifacts
3. Community political structure – Political Organization, Citizenship Norms, Power
Relations, and Leadership Structures
4. Community economic structure – Capital Assets, Vulnerability Context, Business
Climate,
Community Typologies
When Community is viewed as shared political territory and heritage, it
can be classified into four types: Urban, Rural, Suburban, and Rurban co
mmunities
Local and Global Communities
• Local Community - A term often • Global Community - Used to cha
used to denote geographically b racterized the interconnectivity o
ounded community such as terri f people or countries all over the
torial enclave, villages, barangay world
s, tonws, cities, provinces, munic
ipalities, regions, or even entire c
ountry depending on the point o
f reference
Community Sectors
Community Sectors refer to the subdivisions of society that represent cluster of social insti
tutions according to their social, economic, and political functions.
Community Dynamics
Community Dynamics
People may underestimate the vitality of society and group memb
ership on ther lives. Whilemost of the people, if not all, sometime
s undertake solo journeys yet by and large much of ourexperienc
es of life involves being engaged with others and groups.

Group dynamics or community dynamics deals with the process

and behavioral patterns of a group. Group dynamics concern ho
w groups are formed, what is their structure and which processes
are followed in their functioning. Thus, it is concerned with the int
eractions and forcesoperating between gorups or communities.
 Stages of Community
Development
The United Nations defeines community Development as “process where community members
come together to take collective action and generate solutions to common problem. It’s a broad
concept, applied to the practices of civic leaders, activists, involved citizens, and professionals to
improve various aspects of communities, typically aiming to buld stronger and more resilient
local communities.

There is a process of five stages through which groups pass through. The process includes the
five stages: forming, storming,
Title norming, performing,
text addition adjourning.
Title text addition Title text addition
The user can demonstrate on a projector or The user can demonstrate on a projector or The user can demonstrate on a projector or
1. Forming - The first stage in the life of a group is concerned with forming a group.
computer, or print the presentation and make computer, or print the presentation and make computer, or print the presentation and make
it film it film it film
2. Storming - This stage is marked by the formation of dyads and triads. Members seek out familiar or similar
individuals and begin a deeper sharing of self.
3. Norming - This stage is marked by a more serious concern about task performance. The dyads and triads begin
to open up and seek out other members in the group.
4. Performing - This stage where members see themselves as a group and get involved in the task collectively.
5. Adjourning - In the case of temporary groups, this is the part where groups decides to disband.
 Factors Resulting to Community
Dynamics

As it is generally accepted that chnages is ever constant, we could likewise exprect power
structures, and population composition in a community to change - either in a slow or rapid
manner - over time.

A. Factors Affecting Changes in Community Power Structures

1. Authority Title text addition Title text addition Title text addition
This is a kind ofcanpower
The user demonstrate that one has
on a projector or over another
The user by virtue
can demonstrate of oran elected
on a projector position
The user can demonstrateor on aan office
projector or
computer, or print the presentation and make computer, or print the presentation and make computer, or print the presentation and make
appointment that isitbased film on codified laws and regulations. it film it film

2. Influence
This power possesses over another by virtue of other people’s positive perception of the former’s
competence and abilities.
B. Factors Affecting Changes in the Composition of People in th
e Community

1. Fertility - The actual reproductive performance that can be ex

pected of a person, couple, group, or population during a wo
man’s childbearing years.
2. Mortality - The demographic process relating to deaths, often
summarized by death rates, survival rates, and life expectancy
(Statistics New Zealand 2015b).
3. Migration - The process of moving from one place to another.
C. Types of Community Power Structures
D. Identifying Community Power Actors
Positional Method - This involves making and updating a list of power actor
s in positions of authority in the local government and in leading economic, c
ultural, religious, and voluntary organizations.

Reputational Method - This involves the selection of many knowledgeable

community citizens who can provide a list of power actors

Decision-making Method - This involves tracing the history of a collective d

ecision concerning at least one issues area

Social Participation Method - This involves developing a list of leaders and

active participants in community engagement
 Community engagement
COMMUNITY can take many forms, and
ENGAGEMENT partners can include
organized groups,
agencies, institutions, or
individuals. Collaborators
may be engaged in health
promotion, research, or
policy making.
Community Engagement
This refers to collective efforts done by people directed t
oward addressing social problems in order to achieve so
cial well-being.

It refers to process of developing partnership and sustai

ning relationships with and through groups of people affil
iated by geographic proximity or common interests for th
e purpose of working for the common good and of addre
ssing issues that affect their well-being
 Title text addition

Title text addition Title text addition Title text addition

The user can demonstrate on a projector or The user can demonstrate on a projector or The user can demonstrate on a projector or
computer, or print the presentation and make computer, or print the presentation and make computer, or print the presentation and make
it film it film it film
1.3 Citizenship
Citizenship, in its most basic sense, refers to full membership in a community in which one lives, work,
or was born. However there are 3 interrelated dimension of citizenship that shape its common notion
of understanding.
Citizenship Education in the Philippines
In the Philippines, every Filipino is expected to be a good citizen based on core Filipino values t
hat are considered integral component in nation-building. Filipino Core Values Based on Pream
ble
1. Pagkamaka-Diyos
2. Pagkamaka-Tao
3. Pagkamaka-Bayan
4. Pagkamaka-Kalikasan

Citizenship Advancement Training (CAT)

“Aims to enhance the students’ social responsibility and commitment to the development of th
eir communities and develop their ability to uphold law and order as they assume active partici
pation in community activities assisting the members of the community in times of emergency”
. (DepEd Order No. 50 s., 2005)
1. Military Orientation
2. Community Service
3. Public Safety and Law Enforcement Service
The National Service Training Program (NSTP)
A program aimed at enhancing civic consciousness and defence preparedness in th
e youth by developing the ethics of services and patriotism while undergoing traini
ng in any of its three program components:

1. ROTC (Reserved Officers Training Corps) - design to provide military t

raining to tertiary level/ college
2. LTS (Literacy Training Service) - program designed to train students b
ecome teachers of literacy and numeracy
3. CWTS (Civic Welfare Traning Service) -activities contributory to the g
eneral welfare and the betterment of life for the members of the co
mmunity.
Social Change
Social Change refers to the alteration of socila interaction, institutions, stratification
systems, and elements of culture over time.
 Title text addition

Title text addition

Title text addition The user can demonstrate on a projector or
computer, or print the presentation and make
The user can demonstrate on a projector or
it film
computer, or print the presentation and make
it film
Title text addition
The user can demonstrate on a projector or
computer, or print the presentation and make
it film
Title text addition
The user can demonstrate on a projector or
computer, or print the presentation and make Title text addition
it film
The user can demonstrate on a projector or
computer, or print the presentation and make
it film
Purpose of and Assessing
Community Action
Purpose of Community Action
The purpose of community action is for people to work in solidarity in order to address a certain s
ocial problem.

Why is it important?
Community action is about putting communities at the heart of their own local services. Involvin
g communities in the design and delivery of services can help to achieve a number of obejctives:
• Building community and social capacity – helping the community to share knowledge, skills and i
deas.
• Community resilience – helping the community to support itself.
• Prevention – a focus on early access to services or support, engagement in design, cross-sector c
ollaboration and partnerships.
• Maintaining and creating wealth – for example helping people into employment or developing c
ommunity enterprises.
Major Social Issues Confronting Filipinos
Role of Youth in Community Action
In the Philippines, the vital role of the youth in community developmen
t had been enshrined and incorporated in the following documents:
Assessing Community Action Initiatives
Solving social problems through community action must be anchored on a set of core values and principles t
hat will serve as bases in assessing whether community action initiatives have been carried out appropriatel
y.

Core Values and Principles of Community Action:

 Adherence to social justice - fighting for equality and fairness for all
 Respect, protection, and fulfilment of human rights
 Promotion of gender equality and equity
 Ensuring people’s empowerment - having the ability to produce desired changes i
n one’s life, community, or the larger society.
 Safeguard of people’s participation in the development process
 Use of advocacy
 Guarantee of environmental sustainability.
 Partnership Building with and for
Local Communities

What is Partnership?
The term partnership has various definitions, but in its classical sense, it’s the state of
being with a partner, or being in participation, association, and join interest.

There are two agendas for partnership:

• Develop global collaboration with specific mechanisms and systems that will
ensure and back up the achievement of sustainable development goals that can be
felt and realized in all countries, especially the developing ones.
• Promote develop and operationalize different forms of partnerships involving
different sectors from the private, public, and civil societies.
Types of Partnership

• Networks - The relationships among partners within networks are often less form
al or informal. The main purpose of most networks is to exchange information am
ong members [e.g. Voluntary Action Network India (VANI), a network of voluntary
agencies, NGOs, CBOs] and to share experiences in their local activities.
• Coordination - Relations among members are more closely linked. Definition of sp
ecific tasks among organizations, which require resources (for representation, ma
nagement, fulfillment of specific tasks) beyond information sharing.
• Collaboration - Relations among members are strong with functional more broad
ranging areas defined for joint activities. (e.g. Network of Collaborating Regional S
upport Organizations - India).
Principles of Partnership
Trust
Trust is the most important if the partnership crosses many boundaries - interpersonal, inter-institutional, cross cultural - at t
he same time. In such conditions, relationships are open to risk of misunderstanding and there is need for a clear expression
of interest and aspiration on both sides.

Mutuality
In this case, the partnership relations are open to dialogue and exchange of views. Respect is of utmost importance.

Solidarity
Solidarity means sensitivity and commitment to the problems, efforts and constraints of other partners particularly of those li
ving in conditions of poverty and oppression.

Accountability
Any partnership involves rights and obligations. It is a major challenge when one partner has the resources and the other has
to ask for it, or one has the power to decide who gets funds and how much, and the other is accountable for their use.
Types of Partnership in Contemporary
Period
1.Public-private partnership
2.Government organizations with nongovernment organizations
3.Nongovernment organizations with nongovernment organizations
4.Government organizations with people’s organizations
5.Nongovernment organization with people’s organizations
6.People’s organizations with people’s organizations

These kind of partnership, the commonality, is geared towards de

velopment.
Partnership Building in Community wit
h the Local Groups
• A partnership – as it is applied in communities, localities, sectors, soci
eties, global community, and other spaces – uses varied approaches a
nd strategies.
• A group is a number of people or things that are together or in the sa
me place.
• A local group is a number of people who formally and informally belo
ng to organizations, associations, territories, clusters, sectors, beliefs,
and interests in a specific community.
• External groups or support groups are present and operating in the co
mmunity
This is the “cluster
approach,” which aims
to strengthen
partnerships and ensure
more predictability and
accountability in
international responses
to humanitarian
emergencies, by
clarifying the division of
labor among
organizations, and
better defining roles and
responsibilities.
Multistakeholders Partnership and participatory Local G
overnance
Local Governance and Decentralization
Local governance is the contemporary, concrete, and ideal venue for pa
rtnership building with local groups because of the decentralization pro
cess.
Barangay as a Concrete Setting for Local Governanc
e and Partnership
A barangay, as an LGU, must be understood and recognized as a venue for governance and partnership building with l
ocal groups. However, a barangay is not only an LGU; it is also a public organization, an organization of the masses, an
d a corporation.

The following processes are legally instituted by the LGC (Local Government Code 1991) that can be tapped as other f
orms of people’s participation and partnership building:

System of recall
- It is a form or means of nonviolent political participation of citizens’ right to petition.
Power of initiative and referendum
- Allow the registered voters of an LGU to directly propose, enact, repeal, or amend any ordinance enacted by the LGU
.
Mandatory cinsultation and public hearing
-A Process where it prescribes that any agency is mandated
Requirements of effective partnership
• Government must be open, receptive, sensitive, responsive and must internalize, accept and instit
utionalize partnership at appropriate levels;
• Local people, particularly the rural poor must develop skills in negotiation and claim-making to eff
ectively engage the government in participatory local development planning and partnership- buil
ding; and
• NGOs must be open to collaboration with the government, share risks and be creative.

Governments in many Asian countries have launched a massive programme of decentralization and
have empowered their community institutions through local democracy.

There is also a certain amount of tension in the relationship between grassroots voluntary organizati
ons and public agencies, despite some common interests. Both believe in decentralization and the g
reat potential of civic action at the grassroots level. Yet, the cooperative relationship, which ought t
o exist between elected local bodies and the NGOs, is often lacking.
Effectively managing a partnership also involves being a visionary and metaphorical
ly ‘painting a picture of successful collaboration’ so that the individuals look forwar
d to that and thus beyond their momentary frustration or current obstacles. In real
terms it is about being an excellent (and patient) communicator: able to articulate t
he benefits of collaboration in a clear and compelling manner and frame these as in
centives on both an individual, corporate and sectoral level. And then patiently con
tinuing to encourage and facilitate the partnership towards achieving the shared vis
ion.

Partnership and or collaboration is the cornerstone of any community engagement

and or humanitarian work. Understanding how partnership work, its approaches an
d processes is the first step in providing better and effective assistance to people w
ho needs help.
Community Profiling, Needs
and Resources Assessment
What is Community Profiling
• Profiling is a process of creating a series of information that is applied
to something or someone through techniques of data elaboration.
• Profiling is method used to establish a better understanding and descr
iption of the community in a specific geographical location and its co
mmunity member’s context and reality
• In a nutshell, community profiling is social research method which inv
olves building up a picture of the nature, needs and resources of a loc
ality or community, with the active participation of its members, the a
im being to create and implement an action plan to address the issues
unearthed.
Needs and Resource Assessment
One of the fundamental tools in community organizing is the assessme
nt of the community’s needs and resources. In the process of changing
the community members’ lives, it is important to delve into their curren
t societal situation.

Needs and resources assessment is a continuous process; it’s a step-by-

step procedure in which the needs, available resources, different group
s working with and for the community, and the dynamic participation of
community members are identified
Comparing profiling and needs and re
sources assessment
• Community profiling is best use to d
etermine the community socio-dem
ographic profile, environmental cond
itions, community structures, local in
stitution, economic activities, livelih
ood, and basic household profile. On
the other hand needs and resources
assessment tackles the community’s
weak point, flaws, need for program
and services, and understanding the
problem of the community in terms
of information and communication.
Importance of community profiling and nee
ds and resources assessment
• According to the National Federation Community Organizations in the
United Kingdom (UK ), community profiling is important because it ma
y justify the identified needs of the community. This is necessary if on
e wants to reach the goal of meeting the needs of specific community
or neighbourhood.
Participatory Resource Appraisal or P
articipatory Learning Activity
Pccarticipatory Resource Appraisal (PRA) or Participatory Learning Activity (PLA)
was first known as the Participatory Rural Appraisal. The usage of the term evolv
ed because this type of community profiling is applied not only in rural areas but
also in urban, rurban, sectoral, and multisectoral groups.

As its name suggestsc, PRA or PLA is participatory; it facilitates empowerment an

d sustainability. People serve as the main actors in this type of community profili
ng from identifying the problem and situation, planning, developing and implem
enting the program, and facilitating and guiding support researchers. This can le
ad to higher community engagement. However, one critical question in this type
of community profiling and research is, “How participatory is participatory?”
Community Description will elaborate through the following aspects:
 Area as a place to live – This include the quality of the physical environment and
people’s attitudes towards living there; the extent to which the needs are matched
with the resources; and the extent to which local facilities meet people’s goals and
aspirations.
 Area as a social community – This include the community members involvement in
social life; the extent of community supportiveness; and formal and informal
networks.
 Area as an economic community – This include income levels, employment
prospects of local residents, prosperity, and viability of local markets.
 Area as a political community – This include systems and structures of political
representation and local area management; decision – making process and structures
of political representation and participation in community organizations.
 Area as a personal space – This include attachment to the local community;
memories and life experiences of local people; and the community being part of a
larger community.
Strengths and Limitation of community profiling
 SOCIAL SCIENE SOCIOLOGY
PERSPECTIVE
Types of Human Association:
Gemeinshaft
* community with a tighter and more
POITICAL SCIENCE comprehensive social entity brought natural
will
Polis (city-states) - composed of * In the rural areas, personal relationships are
various classes, each performing defined and regulated on the basis of
roles and functions in pursuit of traditional social rules
communal goals
Gesellschaft
* creation of rational will and typified by
“Man is by nature a political animal” modern cosmopolitan societies with their
bureaucratic and industrial organizations
According to Aristotle, he
conceptualized the ideal political * human relations are more impersoanl and
indirect, being rationally contructed in the
community as emphasizing the role interest of efficiency or other economic and
of political institutions in maintaning political considerations
and sustaining order within
 Institutional Perspective

A social institution consists of a group of people

Sociologists often reserve the term
who have come together for a common purpose.
"institution" to describe normative
These institutions are a part of the social order of
systems that operate in five basic areas
society and they govern behavior and
of life, which may be designated as the
expectations of individual FAMILY primary institutions.
“An institution was defined as an interlocking
double-structure of persons-as-role-holders or (1) In determining Kinship;
office-bearers and the like, and of social practices STATE (2) in providing for the legitimate use of
involving both expressive and practical aims and power;
outcomes.” (3) in regulating the distribution of goods
Rom Harre (1979) ECONOMY and services;
(4) in transmitting knowledge from one
“a complex of positions, roles, norms and generation to the next; and
values lodged in particular types of social (5) in regulating our relation to the
structures and organising relatively stable EDUCATION supernatural.
patterns of human activity with respect to
fundamental problems in producing life- In shorthand form, or as concepts, these
sustaining resources, in reproducing
individuals, and in sustaining viable societal
RELIGION five basic institutions are called the
family, government, economy, education
structures within a given environment.” and religion.
Jonathan Turner (1997)
 CIVIL SOCIETY INSTITUTIONS

Civil society can be understood as “third sector” of society, distinct form government and
business, and including the family and the private sphere.

“Civil society ... refers to a wide array of organizations: community groups, non-
governmental organizations [NGOs], labour unions, indigenous groups, charitable
organizations, faith-based organizations, professional associations, and foundations.”

Civil society is the “third sector” of society, along with government and business. It
comprises civil society organizations and non-governmental organizations. The UN
recognizes the importance of partnering with civil society, because it advances the
Organization’s ideals, and helps support its work
 Local and Grassroots level

The most basic level of an activity or

organization.

In an organization the local and grassroots

level are those ordinary people who form the
main part of it, rather than the leaders.
 Title text addition

Title text addition Title text addition Title text addition Title text addition
The user can demonstrate on a projector or The user can demonstrate on a projector or The user can demonstrate on a projector or The user can demonstrate on a projector or
computer, or print the presentation and make computer, or print the presentation and make computer, or print the presentation and make computer, or print the presentation and make
it film it film it film it film
 Title text addition

Title text addition

The user can demonstrate on a projector or Title text addition
computer, or print the presentation and make
it film The user can demonstrate on a projector or
computer, or print the presentation and make
it film

Title text addition

The user can demonstrate on a projector or
computer, or print the presentation and make
it film

Title text addition

Title text addition The user can demonstrate on a projector or
computer, or print the presentation and make
The user can demonstrate on a projector or it film
computer, or print the presentation and make
it film
 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Sustainable development is
development that meets the needs of
the present, without compromising
the ability of future generations to
meet thier own needs.
 ELEMENTS OF COMMUNITY

WHAT ARE THE

ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
OF COMMUNITY?
According to McIver and Page, there are two main bases or essential elements on the
basis of which community is formed.

1.) Locality:

Locality implies a particular or territroial area; they cannot establish relations and generate the “we-feeling”
among themselves. Living together facilitates people to develop social contracts, give protecttion, safety
and security. Locality contniues to be a basic factor of community life. MacIver says, though due to the
extending facilities of communication in the modern world the territorial bond has been broken, yet “the
basic character of locality as a social classifier has never been transcended.

2.) Community Sentiment:

This is a “we-feeling” among the members of a community. People living in a community lead a common
life, speak the same language, conform to the same norms, feel almost the same sentiment and therefore,
they develop a feeling of unity among themselves.
1. Group of people - fundamentally, a community consists of a group of people.
2. Naturality - A community is not deliberately or purposively created.
3. Permanence - A community is generally not temporary or short-lived like a crowd or a revolutionary mob.
4. Likeness - In a community there is a likeness or similarity in language, custom, mores, traditions etc. among
the members.
5. A Particular Name - Every community is always known with a particular name, their immediate bases of
origin give such community a particular name.
6. Spontaneity - Every community grows itself spontaneously. A community is not deliberately or purposively
created.
7. Common Life - Some sociologists like Elwood says that the life of the people in a community is near about
the same.
8. Common Interests - In community, all the members have common and collective interests.
 Typologies of Community

RURAL
CONSIST OF AGRICULTURAL
LANDS, ALSO REFERRED TO AS PERTAINS TO
PRE-INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES HIGHLY
INDUSTRIALIZED
SUB-URBAN COMMUNITIES
RELATING TO OR
CHARACTERISTICS OF OR URBAN
SITUATED IN SUBURBS
 SOCIAL
SOCIAL JUSTICE
JUSTICE
WHAT DO WE MEAN BY SOCIAL JUSTICE?
“The goal of social justice education is full and equal participation of all
groups in a society that is mutually shaped to meet their needs. Social j
ustice includes a vision of society that is equitable and all members are
physically and psychologically safe and secure”
It refers to the idels of society, where “justice” refers to economic statu
s rather than to the adiministration of laws.
It is based on the idea of a society which gives individuals and groups fa
ir treatment and a just share of the benefits of society.
It is giving people their due, what they deserve.
Oppression, Prejudice and Discrimination
OPPRESSION Discrimination & Prejudice
Different from discrimination and preju Prejudice is learned prejudgement and
dice because it is backed by historical, s assumptions based on groups to which
ocial and institutional power. people belong.
Opression happens systematically. This happens individually, but is based o
n group.
We add value to learned stereotypes
Discrimination is action on prejudices
The Principle of social psychology: ABC Mode
l
The cognitive component in our perceptions of gro
up members is the stereotype—the positive or neg
ative beliefs that we hold about the characteristics
of social group.
In addition to our stereotypes, we may also develo
p prejudice—an unjustifiable negative attitude tow
ard an outgroup or toward the members of that ou
tgroup. Prejudice can take the form of disliking, an
ger, fear, disgust, discomfort, and even hatred—th
e kind of affective states that can lead to behavior
such as the gay bashing you just read about.
Our stereotypes and our prejudices are problemati
c because they may create discrimination—unjusti
fied negative behaviors toward members of outgro
ups based on their group membership.
History and Evolution of Social Justice
The concept of social justice first arose in the 19th century during the Industrial Revolutio
n as attempts were made to promote more egalitarian societies and reduce the exploitati
on of certain marginalized groups due to the vast disparity between the rich and poor at t
he time.
Social justice initially focused on issues such as the distribution of capital, property, and
wealth due to the extreme levels of inequality and economic distress prevalent at the tim
e, resulting from the European social class structure
Today, social justice has shifted towards a stronger emphasis on human rights and impro
ving the lives of disadvantaged and marginalized groups that have historically faced disc
rimination in society. Many of these groups have been discriminated against on the basis
of factors such as sex, age, wealth, ethnicity, heritage, social status, religion, and others.
Social justice often leads to efforts to redistribute wealth to some of the underprivileged g
roups through providing income, jobs, and education support and opportunities.
Unjust forms of Social Inequalities
This refers to the denial of human rights of individuals based on the perception of their inferiority by thos
e with more power, wealth, and prestige.
Five Principles of Social Justice
There are five main principles of social justice that are paramount to under
standing the concept better. Namely, these are access to resources, equity,
participation, diversity, and human rights.
1. Acesss to Resources - refers to the extent to which different socioecono
mic groups receive equal access to give everyone an equal start in life.
For example, individuals from wealthy households among the upper and u
pper-middle classes are often better able to afford to attend good schools
and access post-secondary education, which leads to a greater chance of o
btaining jobs with higher income in the future, while those from the lower
classes face fewer opportunities. It, in turn, limits access to education for f
uture generations and continues the cycle of facing disadvantages.
2. Equity - Equity refers to how individuals are given tools specific to their needs
and socioeconomic status in order to move towards similar outcomes. It contrasts with eq
uality, where everyone is offered the same tools to move towards the same outcome.
3. Participation
Participation refers to how everyo
ne in society is given a voice and o
pportunity to verbalize their opini
ons and concerns and have a role i
n any decision-making that affects
their livelihood and standard of liv
ing. Social injustice occurs when a
small group of individuals makes d
ecisions for a large group, while so
me people are unable to voice the
ir opinions.
4. Diversity
4. Diversity
Understanding diversity and appreciating the value of cultural differences are especially
important because policymakers are often better able to construct policies that take
into consideration differences that exist among different societal groups.

It is important to recognize that some groups face more barriers in society, and by
considering the inequities, policymakers and civil servants will be in a stronger position
to expand opportunities for marginalized or disadvantaged groups.

Discrimination in employment on the basis of factors, such as race, gender, ethnicity,

sex, age, and other characteristics are constant issues in society, and enforcing policies
to countermand discriminatory practices are one way in which diversity is taken into
consideration.
5. Human Rights
• Human rights are one of the most important principles of social justi
ce and form a foundational part of the concept. Human rights and so
cial justice are certainly interrelated, and it is impossible for one to e
xist without the other.
• Human rights are fundamental to societies that respect the civil, eco
nomic, political, cultural, and legal rights of individuals and governm
ents, organizations, and individuals must be held responsible if they f
ail to ensure the upholding of these rights. They are extremely impor
tant in many societies and are recognized internationally through ins
titutions, such as the International Criminal Court and the United Na
tions Human Rights Council.
COMMUNITY ACTION
 “Shark Tank”
EACH TEAM OF STUDENTS COMES UP WITH A PROJECT
PROPOSAL THAT AIMS TO ADDRESS SOCIAL REALITIES.
EACH TEAM ARE GIVEN 30 MINUTES ONLY TO COME UP
WITH THEIR PROPOSAL.
Community Engagement
Community Engagement is “dynamic relational process that facilitates comm
unication, interaction, involvement, and exchange between an organization a
nd a community for a range of social and organizational outcomes”.

Community Engagement is a community-centered orientation based in dialog

ue. Community engagement enables a more contextualized understanding of
community members' perception of the topic and contexts, and facilitates str
onger relationship among and between community members.
Community Engagement is a two-way dialogue between crisis-affected
communities, humanitarian organizations and, where possible, within and
between communities. It should enable affected people to meet their different
needs, address their vulnerabilities and build on their pre -existing capacities.

Engaging with affected communities ensures that accurate and timely information
is shared with them, and that their feedback and participation are integral parts of
humanitarian response.

The term “Communicating with Communities” (CwC) is also used to describe this
work. However, Community Engagement is now the preferred term, as it implies a
more pro -active process that should sit with all response programming, distinct
from conventional public information and advocacy.
Solidarity
Awareness of shared interest, objectives, standards, and symphaties creating a ps
ychological sense of unity of groups or classes. It refers to the ties in a society tha
t bind people together as one. What forms the basis of solidarity and how it's imp
lemented varies between societies.

Social solidarity emphasizes the interdependence between individuals in a society

, which allows individuals to feel that they can enhance the lives of others. It is a c
ore principle of collective action and is founded on shared values and beliefs amo
ng different groups in society.
Citizenship
Citizenship is the position or status of being a citizen of a particular country.

Citizen is the status of a person recognized under the custom or law as being a legal member of
a sovereign state or belonging to a nation.

The idea of citizenshhas been defined as the capacity of individuals to defend their rights in fron
t of the governmental authority.

Citizenship implicates a multitude of civil rights – voting, employment, education, housing, trave
l, and healthcare. One could argue that creating a population of second-class individuals withou
t the benefits of citizenship would consequently inhibit productive contributions to their society.
 ASSESSMENT
Have students generate a list of civil society activities that they have been involved in or
would like to participate in. Once their list is generated (each group should have at least
contribution per student), have students choose which civil society activity they believe
Title text addition
would be the most beneficial toThetheir community.
user can demonstrate on a
projector or computer, or print
the presentation and make it film
Once their group choice is made, have students research how they might participate in said
activity in their own community. For instance, if students decide their community would
benefit from a soup kitchen, have Title
them text research
addition volunteer opportunities
Titlein
textyour town/city.
addition
The user can demonstrate on a The user can demonstrate on a
projector or computer, or print projector or computer, or print
Have students share with the class their choice of activity and what kind of opportunities
the presentation and make it film the presentation and make it film

exist in the community to meet that need.

 Title text addition

Title text addition Title text addition

The user can demonstrate on a projector or The user can demonstrate on a projector or
computer, or print the presentation and make computer, or print the presentation and make
it film it film

Title text addition Title text addition

The user can demonstrate on a projector or The user can demonstrate on a projector or
computer, or print the presentation and make computer, or print the presentation and make
it film it film
Thank you for listening