Switching & Routing

SWITCHING & ROUTING
PREPARED BY :-
AWAIS IFTIKHAR [02-235201-028]
]
INTRODUCTION
• ROUTING AND SWITCHING ARE DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS OF NETWORK
COMMUNICATIONS. ... THE FUNCTION OF SWITCHING IS TO SWITCH DATA
PACKETS BETWEEN DEVICES ON THE SAME NETWORK (OR SAME LAN). THE
FUNCTION OF ROUTING IS TO ROUTE PACKETS BETWEEN DIFFERENT
NETWORKS (BETWEEN DIFFERENT LANS).
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ROUTERS AND
SWITCHING
• ROUTER AND SWITCH ARE BOTH NETWORK CONNECTING
DEVICES. ROUTER WORKS AT NETWORK LAYER AND IS RESPONSIBE TO FIND
THE SHORTEST PATH FOR A PACKET WHEREAS SWITCH CONNECTS VARIOUS
DEVICES IN A NETWORK WHERE AS SWITCH MAIN OBJECTIVE IS TO
CONNECT VARIOUS DEVICES IN A NETWORK
IMPORTANCE IN NETWORKING
• ROUTER IS USED IN LAN AND MAN. SWITCH IS USED ONLY IN
LAN. ROUTER SENDS DATA IN FORM OF PACKETS. SWITCH SENDS DATA IN
FORM OF PACKETS AND FRAMES.
• THE ROUTER IS A FUNDAMENTAL BUILDING BLOCK OF MODERN BUSINESS
NETWORKS, PROVIDING TRAFFIC WITH A GATEWAY TO BOTH THE INTERNET
AND OTHER NETWORKS. ROUTERS MAKE FLEXIBLE CROSS-NETWORK
COMMUNICATION POSSIBLE, AND ALLOW LARGER NETWORKS TO REMAIN
OPERATIONAL EVEN DURING REDESIGNS OR OUTAGES.
• A SWITCH IN NETWORKING CAN MANAGE TRAFFIC EITHER COMING INTO OR
EXITING THE NETWORK AND CAN CONNECT DEVICES LIKE COMPUTERS AND
ACCESS POINTS WITH EASE. KEEP ELECTRICAL SIGNAL UNDISTORTED: WHEN
A SWITCH FORWARDS A FRAME, IT REGENERATES AN UNDISTORTED SQUARE
ELECTRICAL SIGNAL
.
Routing is the hub around which all of IP connectivity revolves. At the simplest
level, routing establishes basic internetwork communications, implements an addressing
structure that uniquely identifies each device, and organizes individual devices into a
hierarchical network structure.
ROUTERS
• A ROUTER IS A NETWORKING DEVICE THAT FORWARDS DATA PACKETS
BETWEEN COMPUTER NETWORKS. ROUTERS PERFORM THE TRAFFIC
DIRECTING FUNCTIONS ON THE INTERNET. ... WHEN A DATA PACKET COMES
IN ON ONE OF THE LINES, THE ROUTER READS THE NETWORK ADDRESS
INFORMATION IN THE PACKET HEADER TO DETERMINE THE ULTIMATE
DESTINATION
ROLE OF ROUTER
• ROUTERS CARRY OUT TWO BASIC FUNCTIONS—THEY SELECT A PATH

BETWEEN NETWORKS, AND THEY SECURELY TRANSMIT INFORMATION
PACKETS ACROSS THAT PATH TOWARD AN INTENDED DESTINATION.
FEATURES OF A ROUTER
• WI-FI ROUTER FEATURES TO LOOK FOR

• NETWORK TYPE. LOOK AT ANY ROUTER AND YOU WILL QUICKLY SEE THAT
THERE ARE A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT NETWORKS AVAILABLE. ...
• THROUGHPUT. ...
• RANGE. ...
• BANDS. ...
• QUALITY OF SERVICE (QOS) ...
• BEAMFORMING. ...
• MULTIPLE INPUT, MULTIPLE OUTPUT (MIMO)
USE OF A ROUTER
• ROUTERS LET MULTIPLE COMPUTERS SHARE A COMMON INTERNET

CONNECTION FROM YOUR ISP (INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER). THIS APPLIES
TO CABLE, DSL INPUT, OR BY 3G MOBILE USING USB DONGLE.
• A ROUTER IS USED IN LAN (LOCAL AREA NETWORK) AND WAN (WIDE AREA
NETWORK) ENVIRONMENTS. FOR EXAMPLE, IT IS USED IN OFFICES FOR
CONNECTIVITY, AND YOU CAN ALSO ESTABLISH THE CONNECTION BETWEEN
DISTANT NETWORKS SUCH AS FROM BHOPAL TO. IT SHARES INFORMATION
WITH OTHER ROUTERS IN NETWORKING.
TYPES OF ROUTERS
• THERE ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF ROUTERS THAT

SERVE VARIOUS BUSINESS NEEDS INCLUDING:
• WIRED
• WIRELESS ROUTERS.
• EDGE ROUTERS.
• CORE ROUTERS.
• VIRTUAL ROUTERS.
WIRED ROUTER
• A WIRED ROUTER, OR "WIRED SERVICES ROUTER," IS PRIMARILY USED IN A

HOME OR SMALL OFFICE THAT HAS A SEPARATE WI-FI ACCESS POINT (AP). IT
IS ESSENTIALLY A "WIRELESS ROUTER WITHOUT THE WIRELESS" BUT ALSO
TENDS TO HAVE MORE MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS AS FOUND IN AN
ENTERPRISE-CLASS ROUTER.
WIRELESS ROUTERS.
• A WIRELESS ROUTER, ALSO CALLED A WI-FI ROUTER, COMBINES THE
NETWORKING FUNCTIONS OF A WIRELESS ACCESS POINT AND A ROUTER.
A ROUTER CONNECTS LOCAL NETWORKS TO OTHER LOCAL NETWORKS OR
TO THE INTERNET. ... A WIRELESS ROUTER IS SOMETIMES REFERRED TO AS A
WLAN (WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORK) DEVICE.
EDGE ROUTERS.
• EDGE ROUTERS ALSO REFERRED TO AS ACCESS

OR BRANCH ROUTERS, ARE
SPECIALIZED ROUTERS THAT ACT AS GATEWAYS
AT THE NETWORK EDGE. THEY ENABLE
CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN AN ENTERPRISE
NETWORK AND AN EXTERNAL NETWORK. THEY
ARE TYPICALLY USED AT THE WIDE AREA
NETWORK (WAN) OR THE INTERNET.
CORE ROUTERS
• A CORE ROUTER IS A ROUTER THAT

FORWARDS PACKETS TO
COMPUTER HOSTS WITHIN A
NETWORK (BUT NOT BETWEEN
NETWORKS). A CORE ROUTER IS
SOMETIMES CONTRASTED WITH AN
EDGE ROUTER, WHICH ROUTES
PACKETS BETWEEN A SELF-
CONTAINED NETWORK AND OTHER
OUTSIDE NETWORKS ALONG A
NETWORK BACKBONE.
VIRTUAL ROUTERS.
• A VIRTUAL ROUTER, OR
VROUTER, IS A SOFTWARE
FUNCTION THAT REPLICATES IN
SOFTWARE THE FUNCTIONALITY
OF A HARDWARE-BASED LAYER
3 INTERNET PROTOCOL
(IP) ROUTING, WHICH HAS
TRADITIONALLY USED A
DEDICATED HARDWARE DEVICE.
... THIS EVOLUTION MEANS
THAT ROUTING FUNCTIONS CAN
BE DYNAMICALLY CONFIGURED
OR ADAPTED TO NETWORK
NEEDS
SWITCH
• A NETWORK SWITCH IS NETWORKING HARDWARE THAT CONNECTS DEVICES
ON A COMPUTER NETWORK BY USING PACKET SWITCHING TO RECEIVE AND
FORWARD DATA TO THE DESTINATION DEVICE. A NETWORK SWITCH IS A
MULTIPORT NETWORK BRIDGE THAT USES MAC ADDRESSES TO FORWARD
DATA AT THE DATA LINK LAYER OF THE OSI MODEL.
USE OF A SWITCH
• SWITCHES ARE KEY BUILDING BLOCKS FOR ANY NETWORK. THEY CONNECT
MULTIPLE DEVICES, SUCH AS COMPUTERS, WIRELESS ACCESS POINTS,
PRINTERS, AND SERVERS; ON THE SAME NETWORK WITHIN A BUILDING OR
CAMPUS. A SWITCH ENABLES CONNECTED DEVICES TO SHARE
INFORMATION AND TALK TO EACH OTHER.
FEATURES OF THE SWITCH
• A SWITCH OPERATES IN THE LAYER 2, I.E. DATA LINK LAYER OF THE OSI
MODEL. IT IS AN INTELLIGENT NETWORK DEVICE THAT CAN BE CONCEIVED
AS A MULTIPORT NETWORK BRIDGE. IT USES MAC ADDRESSES (ADDRESSES
OF MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL SUBLAYER) TO SEND DATA PACKETS TO
SELECTED DESTINATION PORTS.
• A SWITCH IS A DEVICE IN A COMPUTER NETWORK THAT CONNECTS OTHER
DEVICES TOGETHER. MULTIPLE DATA CABLES ARE PLUGGED INTO
A SWITCH TO ENABLE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN DIFFERENT NETWORKED
DEVICES. SWITCHES MAY ALSO OPERATE AT HIGHER LAYERS OF THE OSI
MODEL, INCLUDING THE NETWORK LAYER AND ABOVE.
TYPES OF SWITCHES
THERE ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF SWITCHES :
• KVM SWITCH.
• MANAGED SWITCH.
• UNMANAGED SWITCH.
• SMART SWITCH.
• POE SWITCH.
KVM SWITCH.
• A KVM SWITCH (WITH KVM BEING AN ABBREVIATION FOR "KEYBOARD,

VIDEO AND MOUSE") IS A HARDWARE DEVICE THAT ALLOWS A USER TO
CONTROL MULTIPLE COMPUTERS FROM ONE OR MORE SETS OF KEYBOARDS,
VIDEO MONITORS, AND MICE.
MANAGED SWITCH.
• A MANAGED SWITCH IS A DEVICE THAT CAN BE CONFIGURED AND

PROPERLY MANAGED TO OFFER A MORE TAILORED EXPERIENCE TO THOSE
WHO WILL BE UTILIZING THE BOX. THESE NOT ONLY OFFER TOOLS AND THE
MEANS TO MONITOR THE NETWORK, BUT ALSO CONTROL OVER TRAFFIC.
UNMANAGED SWITCH.
• UNMANAGED SWITCHES ARE PLUG AND PLAY DEVICES WITHOUT THE NEED

OF A COMPLEX SETUP. THESE SWITCHES ALLOW ETHERNET DEVICES TO
COMMUNICATE WITH ONE ANOTHER (SUCH AS A PC OR NETWORK PRINTER)
BY PROVIDING A CONNECTION TO THE NETWORK AND PASSING ON
INFORMATION TO WHERE IT NEEDS TO GO.
SMART SWITCH.
• SMART SWITCHES OR WEB

MANAGED SWITCHES—HAVE BECOME A
POPULAR OPTION FOR MID-
SIZED NETWORKS THAT REQUIRE
MANAGEMENT. THEY OFFER ACCESS
TO SWITCH MANAGEMENT FEATURES SUCH
AS PORT MONITORING, LINK AGGREGATION,
AND VPN THROUGH A SIMPLE WEB
INTERFACE VIA AN EMBEDDED WEB
BROWSER.
POE SWITCH.
• A POE SWITCH HAS THE POWER OVER ETHERNET FUNCTIONALITY BUILT

INTO IT. THIS MEANS YOU CAN POWER DEVICES USING NETWORK CABLES.
A POE SWITCH PROVIDES POWER THAT CAN BE USED TO RUN OTHER
DEVICES VIA THE ETHERNET CABLING. IF YOUR NETWORK HAS
DISTRIBUTED SWITCHES, IT'S ALSO POSSIBLE TO GET POE PASS-
THROUGH SWITCHES.

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SWITCHING & ROUTING

• ROUTERS CARRY OUT TWO BASIC FUNCTIONS—THEY SELECT A PATH

• WI-FI ROUTER FEATURES TO LOOK FOR

• ROUTERS LET MULTIPLE COMPUTERS SHARE A COMMON INTERNET

• THERE ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF ROUTERS THAT

• A WIRED ROUTER, OR "WIRED SERVICES ROUTER," IS PRIMARILY USED IN A

• EDGE ROUTERS ALSO REFERRED TO AS ACCESS

• A CORE ROUTER IS A ROUTER THAT

THERE ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF SWITCHES :

• A KVM SWITCH (WITH KVM BEING AN ABBREVIATION FOR "KEYBOARD,

• A MANAGED SWITCH IS A DEVICE THAT CAN BE CONFIGURED AND

• UNMANAGED SWITCHES ARE PLUG AND PLAY DEVICES WITHOUT THE NEED

• SMART SWITCHES OR WEB

• A POE SWITCH HAS THE POWER OVER ETHERNET FUNCTIONALITY BUILT

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