Year 7 Fractions

Dr J Frost ([email protected])
www.drfrostmaths.com
Objectives: Be able to add, subtract, multiply and divide fractions,
whether improper fractions or mixed numbers. Find fractions of an
amount and solve problems involving successive fractions of an amount.

Last modified: 13th October 2015

Teacher Guidance
Possible lesson structure:

Lesson 1: Equivalent fractions, adding/subtracting fractions. Go >

Lesson 2: Mixed numbers, adding/subtracting mixed numbers. Go >
Simple multiplication/cross-cancelling.
Lesson 3: Multiplying mixed numbers. Dividing fractions. Go >
Lesson 4: Fractions of amounts, reverse fractions of amounts.
Go >
Problem solving involving fractions of amounts.
STARTER :: Equivalent Fractions
Give an equivalent fraction which is as simple as possible.

  2 1   6 2
= ? = ?
4 2 9 3

  4 2   45 5
= ? = ?
10 5 54 6 ot s of lin es
L e
her
Adding Fractions
Adding fractions is very simple if the
denominators are the same.
 
2 3 5 “I ate 2 sevenths of the
pizza followed by 3
+ = ? sevenths. How much
7 7 7 have I eaten?”

Therefore what should be our strategy if the

denominators are different?
 
2 1 8? 3
? ?11
+ = + =
3 4 12 12 ? 12
Use equivalent fractions! Find a number both of the
denominators go into (preferably the smallest).
More Examples

 
?

?
Check Your Understanding

 
1 ?

2 ?

3 ?

N ?
A Quicker (Mental) Method
We can multiply the numerators diagonally.

 
5 1 40 + 6  
46 23
+ =¿ ¿ =
6 8 48 48 24
Disadvantages of this method:
Step 1: Multiply the denominators (note: this • Because we’re not finding
guarantees you get a number both 6 and 8 go
smallest denominator, further
into, but it may not be the smallest!)
simplification may be required.
?
• Doesn’t extend to more than
Step 2: Since the 6 got multiplied by 8, so two fractions.
does the 3. i.e. We are multiplying diagonally.

Step 3: And repeat with the other numerator.

A Quicker (Mental) Method
Another example:
  2 3 10+27 37
+ = ? =
9 5 45 45

Quickfire Questions (in your head!)

   
? ?

? ?

? ?
 Exercise 1 No calculators!
1  Calculate the following, simplifying your fractions 6  Add the following fractions, giving your result
where possible: in terms of any variables given.
a ? b ? a ? b ?
? ? c
c d ?
Unit fractions are fractions where the
e ? f ?
of my bananas are yellow and green. The rest are
N numerator is 1, e.g. . Egyptian fractions are a
sum of unit fractions where all denominators
pink. What fraction are pink?
2 are different.
Can you express each of these unit fractions
Identify the missing fraction.
? as Egyptian fractions? There may be multiple
ways.
3
a ? b ? Do the same for larger denominators. Can you
1 possibility
identify when you’ll have only 1 possibility?
c ? d ? (Note to teachers: I proved it in footnotes of this slide)

4 5 Calculate:
  1 possibility
? ? a ? 2 possibilities
? ? b ? 1 possibility
? c ? 4 possibilities
Complete the magic square (where
the total of each row, column and
d   ?
long diagonal is the same).
 
Mixed Numbers Improper Fractions

Improper fractions are Mixed numbers have an

where the numerator is integer and fractional
greater than the part.
denominator.

  13   1
?
3? 4
4

We could make up 3 wholes using quarters (because 4

goes into 13 three times).
The remainder was 1, so we have 1 quarter left over.
 
Mixed Numbers Improper Fractions
How many thirds does the 4
wholes give you?
 
?   ?

?
?

?
?

?
?

?
?
Adding Mixed Numbers
 To add mixed numbers:
Make fractional parts the same.
?
Add whole parts and fractional
? parts separately.

?
? If we’ve ‘overflown’ into the next
whole, we need to carry.
?
Subtracting Mixed Numbers
 To subtract mixed numbers…
We’d end up with a
? negative number for
the fractions. Can we
(Alternatively you can just convert both to improper fractions and subtract
borrow as normal)
? a whole? (In
the same way we borrow in
column subtraction)
?

2 3
 

1 2 𝟑 𝟖 56 − 40
 
? ?

7 −3 =𝟕 −𝟑
5 7
? ?
4 3 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 ? ?
Check Your Understanding

1 2 𝟏
 
?

2 +142 =𝟏𝟒𝟓
2 3 𝟔 ?
Multiplying Fractions
Skills to do with multiplying fractions:
• Multiply simple fractions.
• Multiply a mixture of whole numbers, proper fractions and mixed numbers.
• Understand ‘cross cancelling’ with fractions, including with several fractions where
there may be a pattern of cancelling.
• Find a fraction of an amount (including a fraction of a fraction).
• Understand how to deal with fractions nested inside fractions.
• Solve puzzles involving fractions, particularly involving successive fractions of an
amount and what’s left.

Multiplying fractions is fairly easy. Simply multiply numerators and denominators.

 
3 5 15
× =?
4 7 28
Cross-Cancelling
Recall that we can simplify fractions by dividing top and bottom by a common factor.
Since numerators are being combined and denominators likewise, there’s nothing
preventing us cancelling any numerator with any denominator.

1 5
  6 55 𝟓
× =?
11 18 𝟑
1 3

  10 14 𝟒
× =?
21 15 𝟗
  1 2 3 𝑛− 1 𝟏
× × ×…× = ?
2 3 4 𝑛 𝒏
  can see the numbers between 2 and are common to top and
We
bottom. This leaves just 1 in the numerator and in the denominator.
Test Your Understanding
Ensure you simplify

3 5 𝟏𝟓
 
your fraction.
A ?

× =
B
?

7 11 𝟕𝟕
C ?

N ?
All numbers between 3 and 998 will cancel top and
bottom. This leaves just 1 and 2 in the numerator
and 999 and 1000 in the denominator.
 Exercise 2
1  Convert the following to mixed numbers: 5 Bob
  and Dave go to PizzaScoff. Starting with 35
a ? b ? pizzas, Bob eats pizzas and Dave eats pizzas.
How many are left?
c ? d ? ?
e ? following
Convert the ? fractions:
f to improper The perimeter of a rectangle is 20. If its width is ,
6 what is its height?
2
a ? b ? ?
Calculate and simplify:

c ? ? as mixed number)7
Calculate the following (leave answer
d
a ?
3
a ? b ? b ?
? N ?
c ? d
e Calculate (and simplify):
? f ?
g ? h ? N  Simplify:
4
After the first fraction, each pair of fractions
a ? b ? cancel. This leaves just the first and last
c ? d ? fraction, giving
?
e ? f ?
Multiplying Mixed Numbers
If the numbers are not improper fractions, convert them into improper fractions.

Examples: Quickfire Questions:

Schoolboy
  Error:
    thinking the
? answer is
?
?
?
?

? ?

?
Dividing Fractions

Mental division

  1 1 What if this was phrased as “how many

2 ÷ =𝟏𝟎
? quarter pizzas go into two and a half
2 4 pizzas”?

  1  
What appears to be the effect of
5÷ =𝟐𝟎
?
4 dividing by ?

  1
100 ÷ =𝟑𝟎𝟎
?
 Or by ?
3
Dividing Fractions
More generally…

Reciprocate (i.e. ‘flip’) the second fraction, and use multiplication instead.

4 2 3 4
   

÷ ? ÷ ?
5 3 7 9

1 1 1 4
     

2 ÷1 2 ÷3 8 ÷1
2 3 ?
2 5 ? ?
Test Your Understanding

2 1
3
     
A B C
8÷
3 ×4 ?
5
6÷1
5 ?
4
?

 
D [JMO 1996 A4] Evaluate

?
 Exercise 3
1  Calculate the following, simplifying/cross- 5 Calculate
 
?
cancelling where possible.
a ? b ? 6
If determine:
c ? d ? ?
[JMO 2010 A1] What is the value of?
e ? f ? 7
? Solution: 55
[IMC 2012 Q15] Which of the following has a
g ? Which
[JMC 2010 Q6] ? has the
h of the following value that is closest to 0??
largest value? A B
8
2 A B C D E C D
Solution: C E Solution: E

Calculate the following: [Kangaroo Pink 2003 Q15] What is the value of: ?
?
3 ?
Calculate
a ? b ? N1
c ? d ?
[JMC 1997 Q9] What is the value of ? 16
e ? f ? ?
g ? h ?
N2
4 ? ?
Embedded Fractions
 
[JMO 2004 A1] Write as a decimal.

There’s two ways you could deal with this:

  1top and bottom of outer3
Multiply fraction by 3
denominator
= =
1 3 one.
of inner +1 4
1+
3 ?
 
1 1 4
= = 1 ÷
1 4? 3
Simplify denominator then treat outer fraction as a division.
1+
3 ( )
3
Check Your Understanding
 
A What is ?

What is ? ?

?
Fractions of Amounts
 Find of 80   can think of the
You
? word ‘of’ as

Find of
?
Find of of of
?
[JMC 2004 Q15] Granny spends one third of her weekly pension on Thursday night,
and one quarter of what remains on Friday. What fraction of the original amount is
left for her big night out on Saturday?
She retains of the remaining.

[JMO 2014 A10] My four pet monkeys and I harvested ? a large pile of peanuts.
Monkey A woke in the night and ate half of them; then Monkey B woke and ate one
third of what remained; then Monkey C woke and ate one quarter of the rest; finally
Monkey D ate one fifth of the much diminished remaining pile. What fraction of the
original harvest was left in the morning?

?
Reverse Fractions of Amounts

  of a number is 18. What was the original number?

is 6. Thus number is 42.
?
[Kangaroo Grey 2014 Q4] A bucket was half full. A cleaner added two
litres of water to the bucket. The bucket was then three-quarters full.
How many litres can the bucket hold?
is 2 litres. Thus whole bucket is 8 litres.
?
Bob has just been on a diet and managed to lose of his body weight. He
is now 15 stone. How heavy was he pre-diet?
of his original weight is 15kg. is 5kg. Thus his original weight was 25kg.

?
 Exercise 4
1 a
If
  of a number is 20, what is the number? 35
If of a number is 30, what is of it? 24 ? 7 [JMO
  2007 A4] The hobbits Frodo, Sam, Pippin and
Merry have breakfast at different times. Each one takes a
b ?
[IMC 2015 Q3] What is a half of a third, plus a third of quarter of the porridge in the pan, thinking that the
other three have not yet eaten. What fraction of the
2 a quarter, plus a quarter of a fifth? Solution:
porridge is left after all four hobbits had their breakfast?
?
[JMC 2013 Q13] When painting the lounge, I used half Solution:
?
of a 3 litre can to complete the first coat of paint. I
3 then used two thirds of what was left to complete the [TMC Regional 2013 Q10] Dean spent one fifth of the
second coat. How much paint was left after both coats 8 amount of money in his wallet and then one fifth of
were complete? Solution: 500ml what remained. He spent a total of £72. Find the amount
of money in his wallet to start with. £200
?
[IMC 2007 Q4] Between them, Ginger and Victoria eat ?
two thirds of a cake. If Ginger eats one quarter of the [TMC Regional 2009 Q10] Three squirrels, Steve, Keith
4 cake, what fraction of the cake does Victoria eat? 9 and Benjamin, have spent all day collecting nuts. At the
Solution: end of the day they are very tired and go to bed. During
the night, Steve wakes up and eats a nut. He then
?
[IMC 1997 Q15] On the first day after the flood, half of
Noah’s animals escaped. On the second day one third
decides to take half of the remaining pile and hides it
before going back to sleep. Keith then wakes up. He too
5 of the remainder wandered off. On the third day one is hungry, so eats a nut. He also takes half of the
quarter of the rest hopped it. What fraction of Noah’s remaining pile and hides it before going back to sleep.
original menagerie was then left? Finally, Benjamin wakes up, eats a nut and hides half of
the remaining pile. In the morning, all of the squirrels
?
[JMO 1997 A6] One half of the class got As. One third
of the rest got Bs. One quarter of the remainder got
share the remaining nuts equally between them and
each goes off with four more nuts. Each squirrel then
Cs. One fifth of the others got Ds. What fraction of the eats all the nuts he now has. How many nuts has Steve
6 class got Es or worse? Solution: eaten in total? Solution: 56
?
?