Chapter 17

 Software Testing Strategies

Slide Set to accompany
Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
by Roger S. Pressman

Slides copyright © 1996, 2001, 2005, 2009 by Roger S. Pressman

For non-profit educational use only

May be reproduced ONLY for student use at the university level when used in conjunction
with Software Engineering: A Practitioner's Approach, 7/e. Any other reproduction or use is
prohibited without the express written permission of the author.

All copyright information MUST appear if these slides are posted on a website for student
use.

These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 1
Software Testing

Testing is the process of exercising

a program with the specific intent of
finding errors prior to delivery to the
end user.

These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 2
What Testing Shows
errors
requirements conformance

performance

an indication
of quality

These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 3
Strategic Approach
 To perform effective testing, you should conduct
effective technical reviews. By doing this, many errors
will be eliminated before testing commences.
 Testing begins at the component level and works
"outward" toward the integration of the entire
computer-based system.
 Different testing techniques are appropriate for different
software engineering approaches and at different points
in time.
 Testing is conducted by the developer of the software
and (for large projects) an independent test group.
 Testing and debugging are different activities, but
debugging must be accommodated in any testing
strategy.

These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 4
V&V
 Verification refers to the set of tasks that ensure
that software correctly implements a specific
function.
 Validation refers to a different set of tasks that
ensure that the software that has been built is
traceable to customer requirements. Boehm
[Boe81] states this another way:
 Verification: "Are we building the product right?"
 Validation: "Are we building the right product?"

These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 5
Who Tests the Software?

developer independent tester

Understands the system Must learn about the system,
but, will test "gently" but, will attempt to break it
and, is driven by "delivery" and, is driven by quality

These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 6
 Testing Strategy
System engineering

Analysis modeling
Design modeling

Code generation Unit test

Integration test
Validation test

System test

These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 7
 Testing Strategy
 We begin by ‘testing-in-the-small’ and move
toward ‘testing-in-the-large’
 For conventional software
 The module (component) is our initial focus
 Integration of modules follows
 For OO software
 our focus when “testing in the small” changes from
an individual module (the conventional view) to an
OO class that encompasses attributes and
operations and implies communication and
collaboration

These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 8
 Strategic Issues
 Specify product requirements in a quantifiable manner
long before testing commences.
 State testing objectives explicitly.
 Understand the users of the software and develop a
profile for each user category.
 Develop a testing plan that emphasizes “rapid cycle
testing.”
 Build “robust” software that is designed to test itself
 Use effective technical reviews as a filter prior to testing
 Conduct technical reviews to assess the test strategy
and test cases themselves.
 Develop a continuous improvement approach for the
testing process.

These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 9
Unit Testing

module
to be
tested

results

software
engineer
test cases

These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 10
 Unit Testing
module
to be
tested
interface
local data structures
boundary conditions
independent paths
error handling paths

test cases
These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 11
 Unit Test Environment
driver
interface
local data structures

Module boundary conditions

independent paths
error handling paths

stub stub

test cases

RESULTS
These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 12
 Integration Testing Strategies
Options:
• the “big bang” approach
• an incremental construction strategy

These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 13
 Top Down Integration
A
top module is tested with
stubs

B F G

stubs are replaced one at

a time, "depth first"
C
as new modules are integrated,
some subset of tests is re-run
D E

These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 14
Bottom-Up Integration
A

B F G

drivers are replaced one at a

time, "depth first"
C

worker modules are grouped into

builds and integrated
D E

cluster
These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 15
 Sandwich Testing
A
Top modules are
tested with stubs

B F G

Worker modules are grouped into

builds and integrated
D E

cluster
These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 16
Regression Testing
 Regression testing is the re-execution of some subset of
tests that have already been conducted to ensure that
changes have not propagated unintended side effects
 Whenever software is corrected, some aspect of the
software configuration (the program, its documentation,
or the data that support it) is changed.
 Regression testing helps to ensure that changes (due to
testing or for other reasons) do not introduce
unintended behavior or additional errors.
 Regression testing may be conducted manually, by re-
executing a subset of all test cases or using automated
capture/playback tools.

These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 17
Smoke Testing
 A common approach for creating “daily builds” for product
software
 Smoke testing steps:
 Software components that have been translated into code are
integrated into a “build.”
• A build includes all data files, libraries, reusable modules, and engineered
components that are required to implement one or more product
functions.
 A series of tests is designed to expose errors that will keep the build
from properly performing its function.
• The intent should be to uncover “show stopper” errors that have the
highest likelihood of throwing the software project behind schedule.
 The build is integrated with other builds and the entire product (in its
current form) is smoke tested daily.
• The integration approach may be top down or bottom up.

These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 18
Object-Oriented Testing
 begins by evaluating the correctness and
consistency of the analysis and design models
 testing strategy changes
 the concept of the ‘unit’ broadens due to
encapsulation
 integration focuses on classes and their execution
across a ‘thread’ or in the context of a usage
scenario
 validation uses conventional black box methods
 test case design draws on conventional
methods, but also encompasses special
features

These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 19
 Broadening the View of “Testing”
It can be argued that the review of OO analysis and
design models is especially useful because the
same semantic constructs (e.g., classes, attributes,
operations, messages) appear at the analysis,
design, and code level. Therefore, a problem in the
definition of class attributes that is uncovered
during analysis will circumvent side effects that
might occur if the problem were not discovered
until design or code (or even the next iteration of
analysis).

These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 20
 Testing the CRC Model
1. Revisit the CRC model and the object-relationship model.
2. Inspect the description of each CRC index card to determine if a
delegated responsibility is part of the collaborator’s definition.
3. Invert the connection to ensure that each collaborator that is
asked for service is receiving requests from a reasonable source.
4. Using the inverted connections examined in step 3, determine
whether other classes might be required or whether responsibilities
are properly grouped among the classes.
5. Determine whether widely requested responsibilities might be
combined into a single responsibility.
6. Steps 1 to 5 are applied iteratively to each class and through
each evolution of the analysis model.

These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 21
OO Testing Strategy
 class testing is the equivalent of unit testing
 operations within the class are tested
 the state behavior of the class is examined
 integration applied three different strategies
 thread-based testing—integrates the set of
classes required to respond to one input or event
 use-based testing—integrates the set of classes
required to respond to one use case
 cluster testing—integrates the set of classes
required to demonstrate one collaboration

These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 22
WebApp Testing - I
 The content model for the WebApp is
reviewed to uncover errors.
 The interface model is reviewed to ensure that
all use cases can be accommodated.
 The design model for the WebApp is reviewed
to uncover navigation errors.
 The user interface is tested to uncover errors in
presentation and/or navigation mechanics.
 Each functional component is unit tested.

These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 23
WebApp Testing - II
 Navigation throughout the architecture is tested.
 The WebApp is implemented in a variety of different
environmental configurations and is tested for
compatibility with each configuration.
 Security tests are conducted in an attempt to exploit
vulnerabilities in the WebApp or within its
environment.
 Performance tests are conducted.
 The WebApp is tested by a controlled and monitored
population of end-users. The results of their interaction
with the system are evaluated for content and
navigation errors, usability concerns, compatibility
concerns, and WebApp reliability and performance.

These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 24
 High Order Testing
 Validation testing
 Focus is on software requirements
 System testing
 Focus is on system integration
 Alpha/Beta testing
 Focus is on customer usage
 Recovery testing
 forces the software to fail in a variety of ways and verifies that recovery is
properly performed
 Security testing
 verifies that protection mechanisms built into a system will, in fact, protect it
from improper penetration
 Stress testing
 executes a system in a manner that demands resources in abnormal quantity,
frequency, or volume
 Performance Testing
 test the run-time performance of software within the context of an integrated
system

These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 25
Debugging: A Diagnostic Process

These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 26
The Debugging Process

These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 27
 Debugging Effort
time required
to diagnose the
symptom and
time required determine the
to correct the error cause
and conduct
regression tests

These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 28
 Symptoms & Causes
symptom and cause may be
geographically separated

symptom may disappear when

another problem is fixed

cause may be due to a

combination of non-errors

cause may be due to a system

or compiler error

symptom cause may be due to

assumptions that everyone
cause believes

symptom may be intermittent

These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 29
Consequences of Bugs
infectious
damage

catastrophic
extreme
serious
disturbing

annoying
mild

Bug Type

Bug Categories: function-related bugs,

system-related bugs, data bugs, coding bugs,
design bugs, documentation bugs, standards
violations, etc.
These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 30
 Debugging Techniques

brute force / testing

backtracking

induction

deduction

These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 31
Correcting the Error
 Is the cause of the bug reproduced in another part of the program? In
many situations, a program defect is caused by an erroneous
pattern of logic that may be reproduced elsewhere.
 What "next bug" might be introduced by the fix I'm about to make?
Before the correction is made, the source code (or, better, the
design) should be evaluated to assess coupling of logic and
data structures.
 What could we have done to prevent this bug in the first place? This
question is the first step toward establishing a statistical
software quality assurance approach. If you correct the process
as well as the product, the bug will be removed from the
current program and may be eliminated from all future
programs.

These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 32
Final Thoughts
 Think -- before you act to correct
 Use tools to gain additional insight
 If you’re at an impasse, get help from someone
else
 Once you correct the bug, use regression
testing to uncover any side effects

These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 33