Thinking: Memory, Cognition, and Language: Group 5

PRESENTED BY:
THINKING:
GROUP 5
Memory, Cognition, Empal, Ranian
Members:
Santos, Jeianne
and Language
Rita, Jhana Jane Toros, Angeline
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 MEMORY
 The foundation of memory.
 Recalls and Forgetting.
 COGNITION
 Thinking, Reasoning, and Problem-Solving.
 LANGUAGE
 Language Development
 Influence of language on thinking.
MEMORY
The process by which we encode,
store, and retrive information.
The foundation of memory
01.
Sensory Memory
Sensory Memory
Initial, momentary storage of
information; lasts only an instant;
stores almost exact replicas of all
sensory stimuli experienced by that
person.
02.
Short-term Memory
Short-term Memory
Second stage of memory; holds
information for 15-25 seconds
- Rehearsal; the repetition of

information in short-term memory;
Repetitive Rehearsal keeps
information in short term. Elaborative
Rehearsal moves information to long-
term memory.
03.
Long-term Memory
Long-term Memory
Third stage of memory; stores
information on a relatively permanent
basis, but can be difficult to retrieve.
 Declarative Memory
• Semantic Memory
• Episodic Memory
 Procedural Memory
Sensory Short-term Long-term
SENSORY INPUT Memory Memory Memory
Encoding &
Attention
Words, names, Transfer
Impression or numbers; Concepts,

sensation maintained by meaning
rehearsal
Retrieval
Forgetting
Forgetting
FORGOTTEN LIMITED
ALMOST STORAGE
IMMEDIATELY CAPACITY
RECALL
RECALL AND
AND FORGETTING
FORGETTING
RECALL AND FORGETTING
LEVELS OF PROCESSING
Levels-of-Processing
Theory
Emphasizes the degree to which
new material is mentally analyzed;
the greater the intensity of initial
processing, the more likely we are
to remember the information
(< 1 SEC)
(< 1 MIN)
(LIFE TIME)
(DECLARATIVE (FACTS,
MEMORY) EVENTS)
(CONCIOUS) (UNCONCIOUS)
(SKILLS,
TASKS)
Frontal Lobes
Hippocampus
Basal Ganglia
Frontal Lobes and Hippocampus:

Explicit memory formation Cerebellum
Amygdala
Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia:
Implicit memory formation
Amygdala: emotion-related memory
formation
FORGETTING
forgetting is important to memory; if we
couldn't forget inconsequential details, they
would get in the way of remembering more
important information
Why we forget? Interference
• Failure of encoding (paying attention to and placing

information in memory) • Proactive: information learned earlier
• Decay: the loss of information because of nonuse disrupts the recall of newer material.
• Interference: information in memory disrupts the
recall of other information • Retroactive: difficulty in recalling
• Cue-dependent forgetting: forgetting due to information learned earlier because of
insufficient retrieval cues. later exposure to different material.
COGNITION
(Thinking, Reasoning, and
Problem-Solving)
COGNITION
Mental images: representation in the

mind of an object or event (can take
the form of any of the senses: visual, La Poubelle
auditory, etc.,) French word
• Use of mental imagery can improve Translates as

various skills; many athletes use “bin” in english
visualization.
COGNITION
Concepts: categorization of object, events, or people

that share common properties; enable us to organize
complex things into cognitive categories we can use
- prototypes typical highly representative examples
of a concept
Reasoning: Making up your mind
● Algorithm: cognitive shortcut in decision making; a rule

that, if applied appropriately, guarantees a solution to a
problem.
● Heuristic: cognitive shortcut that may lead to a solution.

PROBLEM SOLVING
STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3

Preparation: Production: generating solutions Judgement: evaluating
understanding and (may use heuristics for this) solutions
diagnosing problems. • means-end analysis: repeated tests for
differences between the desired outcome
and what currently exists.
Language
Our written, spoke, or signed words
and the ways we combine them to
communicate meaning.
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LANGUA
Steven Pinker
GE
Morpheme
In a language, the smallest unit that
cognitive scientist (1998) that argued that
carries meaning; may be a word or a part
grammar is an innate algorithm evolved by
of a word (such as a prefix).
natural selection that requires a few
parameters to be set by language
Grammer
experience.
In a language, a system of rules that
enables us to communicate with and
understand others. In a given language,
Phonemes semantics is the set of rules for
In language, the smallest distinctive sound commingling words into grammatically
unit. sensible sentences.
LANGUAGE
DEVELOPMENT
Production: the ability to speak, use language to communicate info
- Controlled by Broca’s Area (left frontal lobe)
Comprehension: the ability to understand the message conveyed by
language
- Controlled by Wernicke’s area (left temporal lobe)
LANGUAGE
DEVELOPMENT
Aphasia: disruption of language caused by brain damage
- Broca’s Aphasia: problems producing language, long pauses, leaving
out functional words
- Wernicke’s Aphasia: difficulty understanding others, “empty speech”
- Not an absolute split; Broca’s Area is somewhat involved with
comprehension, and Wernicke’s with production.
STAGES OF LANGUAGE
DEVELOPMENT
• Babbling Stage: Beginning at about 4 • Two word stage: The stage in
months, the stage of speech development speech development, from about
in which the infant spontaneously utters age 1 to 2, during which a child
various sounds at first unrelated to the speaks mostly in single words.
household language.
• telegraphic speech: sentences in
• One word stage: The stage in speech which words not critical to the
development, from about age 1 to 2, message are left out; used by
during which a child speaks mostly in children beginning around 2 1/2
single words. (ex. "i show book" instead of "i
showed you the book")
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
• Learning Theory Approach: language • Nativist Approach: a genetically
acquisition follows the principles of determined innate mechanism
reinforcement and conditioning drives language development (noam
chomsky)
• Interactionist Approach to language -universal grammar: common

development: combination of the learning underlying structure shared by all the
theory and nativist approaches (brain's world's languages
language-acquisition device is the
"hardware;" exposure to language in the -language-acquisition device: a neural
environment allows us to develop the system of the brain that chomsky
"software") thought permits understanding of
language.
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!
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PRESENTED BY:

- Rehearsal; the repetition of

Impression or numbers; Concepts,

Frontal Lobes and Hippocampus:

Why we forget? Interference

• Failure of encoding (paying attention to and placing

Mental images: representation in the

• Use of mental imagery can improve Translates as

Concepts: categorization of object, events, or people

● Algorithm: cognitive shortcut in decision making; a rule

● Heuristic: cognitive shortcut that may lead to a solution.

STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3

CREDITS: This presentation template was created by

• Interactionist Approach to language -universal grammar: common

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