Media and

Information
Sources
 Objectives

01 02 03 04
contrast indigenous identify properly the distinguish primary apply criteria for
media to the more various types and and secondary source evaluating media ad
common sources of sources of information information sources in
information such as researching about the
library, internet, etc audience of a given
social media platform
• Why does it matter if Wikipedia’s content is
credible?
• Aside from Wikipedia, what other sources of
information do you turn to whenever you
want to know about something?
• What is the implication and the effect if a
given source of information is unreliable?
 Primary Source

Types of
Information Secondary Source

Sources Tertiary Sources

Primary Source Primary sources are A primary source is most often
created during the time the
firsthand documents events you are studying occurred,
such as newspaper articles from
that provide direct the period, correspondence,
evidence on your diplomatic records, original
research reports and notes,
topic. diaries etc.
Types of Primary Sources

ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS CREATIVE WORKS RELICS AND ARTIFACTS

Original Documents

Diaries
Speeches
Correspondence
Interviews
Manuscripts
Government Documents
News film footage
Archival Materials
Autobiographies 
Creative Works

Art works
Novels
Poetry
Music
Architectural drawings/plans
Photographs
Film
Relics and Artifacts

Pottery
Decorative arts
Clothing
Buildings
Textiles
Needlework
 Secondary Sources are accounts
written after the fact with the
benefit of hindsight.

Secondary
Sources They are interpretations and
evaluations of primary sources.

Secondary sources are not

evidence, but rather commentary
on and discussion of evidence. 
Types of Secondary
Sources

     
Bibliographies Monographs, other Essays or reviews
than fiction
and
autobiographies
Biographical Reprints of art Histories
works works
Commentaries, Textbooks (could Literary criticism
criticisms also be considered such as
tertiary) journal articles
Conference Websites (could Magazine and
proceedings also be considered newspaper articles
primary)
Essays or reviews   Bibliographies
Tertiary Sources

     
Almanacs  Dictionaries  Handbooks
Abstracts  Encyclopedias  
 Information can come from virtually
anywhere — media, blogs, personal
Media and experiences, books, journal and
Informatio magazine articles, expert opinions,
encyclopedias, and web pages — and
n Sources the type of information you need will
change depending on the question
you are trying to answer.
 • Information refers to facts and figures
acquired from learning, research, or
communication.
• Information sources refer to people,
groups, and records from which data is
Sources of gathered.
• An informant is someone who provides
Media and details about his/her language, values,
beliefs, or culture to a researcher.
Informatio • A library is where collections of books,
periodicals, and other resources are
n organized through a classification
system.
• A librarian is a professional who
manages the library. He/she also
organizes and evaluates books and
other resources stored there.
BOOKS IN FORMATION USE EXAMPLES
Books cover virtually when looking for lots of
any topic, fact or fiction. information on a topic
For research purposes,
you will probably be to put your topic in
looking for books that context with other
synthesize all the important issues
information on one
topic to support a to find historical
particular argument or information
thesis.
to find summaries of
Libraries organize and
research to support an
store their book
argument
collections on shelves
called "stacks."
EN CYCLOPEDIA IN FORMATION USE EXAMPLES
Encyclopedias are when looking for
collections of short, background
factual entries often information on a topic
written by different
when trying to find
contributors who are
key ideas, important
knowledgeable about
dates or concepts
the topic.
There are two types of
encyclopedias: general
and subject. General
encyclopedias provide
concise overviews on a
wide variety of topics.
Subject encyclopedias
contain in-depth
entries focusing on one
field of study
ACADEMIC IN FORMATION USE EXAMPLES
JOURN AL
A journal is a collection when doing
of articles usually written scholarly research
by scholars in an
to find out what
academic or professional
has been studied on
field.
your topic
An editorial board
to find
reviews articles to decide
bibliographies that
whether they should be
point to other
accepted.
relevant research
Articles in journals can
cover very specific topics
or narrow fields of
research.
DATA BASES IN FORMATION USE EXAMPLES
A database contains when you want to EBSCOhost
citations of articles in find articles on
magazines, journals, and your topic in Sabinet
newspapers. They may magazines, journals
also contain citations to or newspapers Emerald
podcasts, blogs, videos,
and other media types. ScienceDirect
Some databases contain
abstracts or brief Jstor
summaries of the articles,
while other databases
contain complete, full-text
articles.
MAGAZINES INFORMATION USE EXAMPLES
A magazine is a collection to find Drum
of articles and images information or
about diverse topics of opinions about You
popular interest and popular culture
current events.
to find up-to-date
Time
Usually these articles are information about
written by journalists or current events
scholars and are geared
to find general N ational
toward the average adult.
articles for people Geographic
Magazines may cover very who are not
"serious" material, but to necessarily
find consistent scholarly specialists about
information, you should the topic
use journals.
NEWSPAPERS INFORMATION USE EXAMPLES
A newspaper is a to find current Daily Dispatch
collection of articles information about
about current events international,
usually published daily. national and local Sunday Times
Since there is at least one events
in every city, it is a great
to find editorials,
source for local Mail &
commentaries,
information. Guardian
expert or popular
opinions
City Press
LIBRARY INFORMATION USE EXAMPLES
CATALOG
A library catalog is an to find out
organized and searchable what items the
collection of records of every library owns on
item in a library and can be your topic
found on the library home
to find where a
page. The catalog will point
specific item is
you to the location of a
located in the
particular source, or group of
library
sources, that the library owns
on your topic.
INTERNET INFORMATION USE EXAMPLES
The Web allows you to access to find current
most types of information on information www.ufh.ac.za
the Internet through a browser.
to find www.google.c
One of the main features of the
information o.za
Web is the ability to quickly link
about companies
to other related information. www.educatio
The Web contains information to find n.gov.za
beyond plain text, including information from
sounds, images, and video. all levels of
government -
The important thing to do when
federal to local
using information on the
Internet is to know how to to find both
evaluate it! expert and
popular opinions
to find
information
about hobbies
and personal
interests
 • Academic libraries serve colleges and universities. It
supports the curriculum for universities and other
educational institutions. It is also a research arm for
scholarly papers and related works.

Types
• Public libraries serve cities and towns of all types.
Generally supported by taxes and the government. It is
accessible to everyone, and its purpose is for the public
interest.

of • School libraries serve students from Kindergarten to grade

12. Caters to both students and educators. Teachers can
find audio-visual materials suited for a specific grade level

Librar
and subject area. Students are also provided with books
and other resources appropriate for their age and level.
• Special libraries serves a specific group of people, usually

y
based on a discipline. Collections are focused on a specific
area of interest. They are maintained by a certain business
organization, professional association, or government
agency. Types of special libraries include corporate
libraries, law libraries, medical libraries, music libraries,
and theological libraries. Some special libraries are
accessible to all while others require a certain type of
membership.
 Criteria for Evaluating Resources

AUTHORITY ACCURACY OBJECTIVITY CURRENCY COVERAGE

 • Identify the author of the content.
Know his/her credentials. For
scholarly works, check if he/she
Authority has other publications, experience
in the industry or topic,
professional affiliations, and
educational background.
 • For journals, make sure that it is
peer-reviewed. This is when the

Accurac
information has been checked by
other known researchers or
organizations. Verify the names,
y dates, figures, and places
mentioned. Additionally, check
the grammar, format, and other
writing mechanics.
Objectivit • Assess if the author is biased or
not through how he/she organized
y and justified his/her information
 • . Look at the date when the
material is published. In research
writing, it is better to gather
Currenc references that are at least six
years old before the current year.

y
For news gathering, check if the
news is a developing story. Avoid
using “zombie sites” or a website
that failed to update its contents
as sources.
 • Know the scope of the
information presented. Compare
the coverage from one source to
Coverage the other. Some sources may
cover a part of the topic. It is best
to look for other sources until you
find more sufficient information.
 • It is a way of confirming the accuracy
of information made in a speech,
research, news article, or editorial.
Fact- Not everything you see online is
worth sharing. Don’t be a victim, and

checking
think first before you post something
in social media. Just remember
AAOCC in evaluating sources-
authority, accuracy, objectivity,
currency, and coverage
Skills in Accessing Information

How the information being

The access tool to use
accessed may be classified

More detailed information

The depth of details required–
might require membership or
some libraries provide only an
some conformity to set rules
abstract of the topic
of the source (database)
Skills in Determining Reliability of Information

CHECK THE AUTHOR CHECK THE DATE OF CHECK FOR CHECK THE DOMAIN CHECK THE SITE
PUBLICATION OR OF CITATIONS. OR OWNER OF THE DESIGN AND
UPDATE. SITE OR PAGE. WRITING STYLE
Skills in Determining Accurate Information

LOOK FOR FACTS CROSS-REFERENCE WITH DETERMINE THE REASON FOR CHECK FOR ADVERTISING
OTHER SOURCES TO CHECK WRITING AND PUBLISHING
FOR CONSISTENCY THE INFORMATION
Definition
of
keywords
Reliability of Information
Information is said to be reliable if it can be verified and evaluated.
Accuracy of Information
It refers to the closeness of the report to the actual data.
Value of Information
Information is said to be of value if it aids the user in making or improving decisions.
Authority of the Source
Sources with an established expertise on the subject matter are considered as having sound authority
on the subject.
Timeliness
Reliability, accuracy, and value of information may vary based on the time it was produced or acquired
Importanc • Popular media cannot reach some rural areas.

e of While print, broadcast, and new media have a

wide reach, there are still areas that these forms
of media have not reached.
Indigenous • Indigenous media and information are highly
credible because they are near the source and
Media and are seldom circulated for profit.
• Indigenous media are channels for change,

Informatio education, and development because of its

direct access to local channels.

n • Ignoring indigenous media and information can

result in development and education programs
that are irrelevant and ineffective
Indigenous
• It is synonymous to words such as native or local.
• Indigenous knowledge refers to distinctive facts, information,
and skills that originate in a community of people sharing the
same beliefs, ideas, and cultures.
• This is passed down by word of mouth from one generation to
another.
• Examples on how indigenous knowledge plays a major role in
one’s culture are seen in folk dances, traditional medicine, and
kuwentong bayan or folklore.
Indigenous media
• It refers to the communicative tools and resources of the indigenous
peoples.
• It is also known as community media.
• Oral interaction and face-to-face communication are some of the
factors of indigenous media.
• Forms of indigenous media include folk or traditional media, gatherings
and social organizations, direct observation, records (written, carved, or
oral), and oral instruction. Information sharing is sometimes limited only
to the members of the community.
Indigenous communication
• It refers to the information exchange via local channels.
• It is a way of culture preservation and adaptation.
• Tracing back to Philippine history, the umalohokan are known
as the town criers of an ancient barangay or a well-organized
independent village.
• They announce laws ordered by the datu or chieftain to reach
the community. .
 Kapihan
Local
Meetings in Balitaktakan
the
Community Kuwentong
Barbero
 • It refers to a place or a session
where community members come
Kapiha together to share stories over a
cup of coffee.

n • Nowadays, a similar practice is

done is when people go to coffee
shops to meet and chat with their
friends.
 • It refers to a discussion or debate
where members are free to voice
out their opinion about a certain
Balitaktakan topic.
• Members exchange ideas to come
up with a feasible solution to a
community problem.
 • A Filipino idiom that is often
associated to hearsay.
• Its origin may be stemmed from local
Kuwentong men who goes to barbershops not
only to get a good haircut but to
Barbero listen to the barber’s stories.
• Thus, a barber’s story is passed down
from one customer to another until it
reaches the community.
Forms of • Folk or traditional media
•
Indigeno
Gatherings and social organization
• Direct observation
us Media • Records—may be written, carved,
or oral
• Oral instruction
Indigenous media and information strengthen a community’s identity.
It is a platform for indigenous peoples to express their own
perspectives, and to penetrate the social and political sphere.
Indigenous journalists and media producers are entrusted to establish
their own media using their language, and gain access to non-
indigenous media free from stereotyping and discrimination.
The role of indigenous media and information is to educate and
inform community members other than what popular media offers.
In the Philippines, efforts to media recognition on indigenous peoples
are done. The lack of representation is a problem. They are generally
shown as victims of conflict and discrimination. Therefore, sensitivity
on how they are portrayed must be practiced.
SELECTION CRITERIA QUESTIONS TO PONDER

RELIABILITY What are the details of this piece of news? Which of these details can be verified
in other sources? Could these details be true? Why or why not?

ACCURACY Which of these facts are measurable? How were they derived? Was the article
written in an objective manner? Is this article written with care?

VALUE Consider the audience of the article? Would you find this article valuable?

AUTHORITY Who wrote the article? How is the author related to the article? What was his
source? Are the source properly cited? What is the reputation of the author? Is he
known for some biases?

TIMELINESS When was the article written? Is it possible that some of the information in the
article has changed over time? If yes, would the change have any
effect on the conclusion of the article?