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    Development of Frog

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    suyog raj gautam
    Frog development involves external fertilization followed by cleavage, formation of a blastula and gastrulation to establish the germ layers. During gastrulation, the blastopore forms and later develops into the anus. Neurulation follows to form the neural tube. The tadpole undergoes metamorphosis regulated by thyroxine to develop limbs and other adult features. Metamorphosis involves both progressive and regressive changes and results in the frog transforming from an aquatic to a terrestrial animal.

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    Development of Frog

    Uploaded by

    suyog raj gautam
    258 views44 pages
    Frog development involves external fertilization followed by cleavage, formation of a blastula and gastrulation to establish the germ layers. During gastrulation, the blastopore forms and later develops into the anus. Neurulation follows to form the neural tube. The tadpole undergoes metamorphosis regulated by thyroxine to develop limbs and other adult features. Metamorphosis involves both progressive and regressive changes and results in the frog transforming from an aquatic to a terrestrial animal.

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    DEVELOPMENT OF FROG

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    Frog development involves external fertilization followed by cleavage, formation of a blastula and gastrulation to establish the germ layers. During gastrulation, the blastopore forms and later develops into the anus. Neurulation follows to form the neural tube. The tadpole undergoes metamorphosis regulated by thyroxine to develop limbs and other adult features. Metamorphosis involves both progressive and regressive changes and results in the frog transforming from an aquatic to a terrestrial animal.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    258 views44 pages

    Development of Frog

    Uploaded by

    suyog raj gautam
    Frog development involves external fertilization followed by cleavage, formation of a blastula and gastrulation to establish the germ layers. During gastrulation, the blastopore forms and later develops into the anus. Neurulation follows to form the neural tube. The tadpole undergoes metamorphosis regulated by thyroxine to develop limbs and other adult features. Metamorphosis involves both progressive and regressive changes and results in the frog transforming from an aquatic to a terrestrial animal.

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    of 44

    DEVELOPMENT OF

    FROG
    Presented By : Z-MY
    [email protected]
    Follow me for slides of frog
    Gametogenesis
    Structure of sperm
    Egg of frog
    Pseudocopulation
    Unfertilized egg of frog
    Steps of development
    Cleavage in frog
    Morulla
    Blastula of frog
    Gastrulation in frog
    [email protected]
    Follow me for slides of frog
    Late gastrula
    Late gastrula showing germ layers
    Coelom formation in frog
    Neurulation in frog
    Metamorphosis in frog
    • Development is in-direct in frog.
    • Development is direct in all vertebrates except amphibia.
    • Ovulation.
    • Psuedocopulation.
    • Oviposition.
    • Insemination.
    • Spawning.
    • Fertilization.
    Egg of frog
    • Non-cleidoic
    • Mesolecithal
    • & telolecithal.
    • A.P. contain female pronucleus, dark pigment & cytoplasm.
    • V.P. Contain yolk, remain directed downward.
    Pseudocopulation
    • Male frog croaks during rainy night.
    • Vocal sacks act as resonators.
    • Male frog mounts on the back of female frog.
    • Male clasps the female with copulatory pad.
    • Amplexus.
    • Oviposition:
    • Female frog discharge 3000- 4000 eggs into the water.
    • Insemination:
    • Male discharge sperms on the eggs before reaching into the water.
    • Fertilization: Fertilization is external taking place into the water.
    • Sperms enter into the egg through any point in A. P.
    • Cone of reception develop at the point where sperm touches the egg.
    • Acrosome : +nt as cap on the head of Sperm.
    • It secrets sperm lysin which dissolve hard cover of egg.
    • Sperm enters into the egg with head & neck.
    • 2nd Meiotic div takes place & 2nd polar body is formed.
    • Grey crescent is formed in equitorial zone geometrically opposite to
    entrance of sperm.
    • Grey crescent marks the dorsal side of future embryo.
    • Sperm entrance point marks anterior side of future embryo.
    • Fertilization membrane is formed.
    • Egg symmetry- before fertilization Radial.
    • During fertilization Bilateral symmetry develop.
    Cleavage
    1st cleavage – meridional, holoblastic & eqaual. 2-blastomeres.
    2nd cleavage – also meridional, holoblastic & eqaual. But perpedicular to 1st. 4-
    blastomeres formed.
    3rd cleavage – horizontal, holoblastic & unequal, just above the equator. 8-
    blastomeres formed.
    4th cleavage – two synchronous meridionial & Holoblastic. 16- blastomers formed .
    5th cleavage – two simultaneous horizontal cleavage. 32- blastomeres formed..
    After this micromeres divide more rapidly than megameres due to absence of
    yolk..
    Cleavage is indeterminate.
    Blastula
    • Blastocoel appear towards A.P.
    • Blastula – coelablastula.
    • Blastocoel contain albuminous fluid.
    • Blastocoel start forming at 8-celled stage.
    • Blastocoel is also called segmentation cavity.
    • Uni-layered blastula.
    Gastrula
    Transformation of Single walled Blastula to double walled Gastrula
    Differentiation of cells.
    Formation of primary germ layers.
    Formation of Blastopore.
    Formation of Archenteron.
    Formation of yolk plug.
    Obliteration of Blastocoel.
    Blastopore develops into future Anus.
    Involves –
    A) Epiboly
    B) Invagination/ blastopore formation
    C) Imboly /Emiboly/ involution/archenteron formation
    D)Rotation of Gastrula.
    E) Contraction of lips.

    Ingression is migration of individual vegetal cells to the interior of embryo.


    Organizer:
    The dorsal lip of blastopore in the amphibian gastrula is called primary oraganiser.
    The theory of Oraganiser(inductor) in amphbibia was introduced by Spemann in 1938. He
    was awarded Nobel Prize for this work.
    • Takes place after Gastrulation.
    • Neural tube is formed.
    • It includes formation of neural tube. Neural tube latter develop into
    Brain & spinal cord.
    • Notogenesis - formation of notochord.
    Post neururation
    • Takes place inside egg membrane upto tail bud larval stage.
    • Hatching occurs at the 6th day of embryo life.
    • Tadpole remain attached to aquatic plant by oral sucker.
    • After 24 hrs of hatching mouth and anus are perforated.
    Metamorphosis
    • First sign of metamorphosis is appearance of hind-limbs.
    • End of tadpole in the life history is marked by appearance of
    forelimbs.
    • Progressive morphological changes-
    • formation of tongue and teeth.
    • kidney pro-nephric to meso – nephric.
    • 2-chambred heart changed to 3-chambers.
    • Formation of forelimb & hind limb.
    • Gills develop into lungs.
    • Regressive-
    • dis-appearance of sucker, gills, tail, lateral receptors.
    • Intestine become smaller. The intestine shrinks to one-third to its original
    length.
    • Autolysis- Cathepsin , lysosomal enzyme help to reabsorb elongated
    tail.
    • Nervous system remain unchanged/least change.
    • Respiratory system undergo maximum changes.
    • Skin get cornified , Mucus and poison gland develop.
    • Feeding habit: herbivorous to carnivorous.
    • Discovered by Gudernatsch(1912)
    • Thyroxin hormone. Hasten metamorphosis.
    • Thiourea – anti thyroxin.
    • Neoteny-
    • Paedogenesis-
    • 1)Archenteron in frog’s embryo is developed due to: (MOE 2069)
    • A) Epiboly b) Emiboly
    • c)Cleavage division d)Neurulation
    • 2)Vegetal hemisphere of frog’s egg consists of: (MOE 2068)
    • A)Gray crescent b)germinal vesicle
    • C)Melanin d) yolk
    • 3)The origin of frog’s brain is – (MOE 2069)
    • A)Endodermal b) Mesodermal
    • C) Ectodermal d) Endo-mesodermal
    • 4)Type of cleavage in frog’s zygote is (MOE 2068)
    • A) Holoblastic & equal b) Holoblastic & unequal
    • C) Meroblastic d) Diploblastic
    • 5)Change in sperm for fertilization is (BPKHIS 2012)
    • A) capacitation b)insemination
    • C)polygamy d)sterilization
    • 6)The cavity that appears during embryogenesis of frog is called (MOE
    2064)
    • A)Mesenteron b)Blasocoel
    • C)Coelenteron d) Archenteron
    • 7)Yolk plug is seen in (IOM 1997)
    • A) Blastula b) Gastrula
    • C) Morula d) Cleavage
    • 8)Which of the following is outer layer of an early embryo (MOE 2057)
    • A)Endoderm b) endoderm
    • C) ectoderm d)Mesoderm
    • 9)Blastopore is present in _stage(BPKIHS 1994)
    • A)Morula b)Blastula
    • C) Gastrulad)Neurula
    • 10) Germ layers are seen in (BPKIHS 1997)
    • A) Gastrula b) Blastula
    • C) Cleavage d) Fertilization
    • 11) The tadpole of frog feeds upon (BPKIHS1997)
    • A) zoo plankton b)swimming insect
    • C) aquatic flora d)Smaller fishes
    12)In frog, jelly around the eggs is deposited (BPKIHS 2005)
    A)in water after fertilization
    B) in water during fretilization
    C) in oviduct
    D) in the ovary
    13) Blastopore is found in (IOM 1998)
    A) Blastula & is the opening of blastocoel
    B) Blastula & is the opening of archenteron
    C)Gastrula & is the opening of blastocoel
    D)Gastrula & is the opening of archenteron
    • 14)Metamorphosis in frog can be accelerated by (BPKIHS 1995
    • A) iodin b)Phospohorous
    • C)Potassium d) Calcium
    • 15) Which of the following is true about mesoderm ? (MOE 2002)
    • A)It forms CNS
    • B)it forms the pouches lining of the coelom
    • C)it has no contribution to alimentary canal
    • D) It does not form blood vessel
    16) Blastopore in the vertebrates develop into (IOM 2010)
    A)Anus b) Mouth
    C)Notochord d)Both mouth and anus.
    17) Metamorphosis in frog is regulated by the secretion of ( IOM 2010)
    A) Pituitary b)Adrenal
    C)Thyroxin d) Calcitonin
    18)Skeleton & muscles in a vertebrate embryo develop from (IOM 2010)
    A)Ectoderm & endoderm b)Ectoderm only.
    C)Ectoderm & mesoderm d)Mesoderm only.
    • 19) Vertebral column of vertebrates is originated from ( MOE 2010)
    • A)Neural tube b) Notochord
    • C)Ectodermal plate d)Mesodermal plate
    • 20) In frog coelom is derived from (MOE 2010)
    • A)Ectoderm b) Mesoderm
    • C) Endoderm d) Neuroectoderm.
    • 21) _____ gives origin to nervous system ( EP 2005)
    • A) ectoderm b) mesoderm C) endoderm
    • d)ectoderm & endoderm e)Endoderm & mesoderm
    • 22) _____gives origin to skeletal system(PE 2005)
    • A) ectoderm b) mesoderm C) endoderm
    • d)ectoderm & endoderm e)Endoderm & mesoderm
    • 23)segmentation is another name for
    • A)cleavage b)Blastocoel
    • c)Archenteron d)Body cavity.
    • 24)Blastopore develops into mouth in
    • A)frog b)rabbit c)Leech d)Human being
    • 25)Gastrulation in frog involves
    • A)epiboly b)emboly c)invagination d)all

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