The world we have

is the product of
our way of thinking.
-Albert Einstein
•Only one in 10,000 products is designed with
environment in mind.

•Man is the only species capable of generating

waste-things that no other life on earth wants to
have-Guter Pauli, Industrial ecologist
•A good design goes beyond appearances
-Alex Thallemer

•Waste is Lost profit.

•Each day more solar energy falls to the earth

than the total amount of energy the planet’s
inhabitants would consume in 25 years. We
have hardly begun to tap the potential of solar
energy.
•A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity,
stability and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong
when it is otherwise.
-Aldo Leopold

•“In this age of mass production when everything must be

planned and designed, design has become the most powerful
tool with which man shapes his environment (and by
extension society and himself). This demands high social
and moral responsibility from the designer.”
Victor Papanek, 1970
Instead of moving people around, transportation
policy all too frequently becomes a matter of
moving cars.
-Lester Brown, END OF THE ROAD

• “Design has an important role to play in

producing more sustainable solutions to product
and service problems, but first it must realize it!”

-Martin Charter
•In many ways, the environmental crisis is a
design crisis. It is a consequence of how things
are made, buildings are constructed and
landscapes are used.
-Ryan Cowan, 1994
Creativity is defined as the ability to
combine ideas in a unique way or to
make unusual associations between
ideas.

Innovation is the process of taking

a creative idea and turning it into a
useful product or service.
 8. Definition-DFE

Design for environment is a perspective in which

environmental aspects of a product, process or facility
are optimized for minimal adverse impact on
environment over its entire life cycle while
maximizing conservation of valuable resources,
resulting in cost saving and competitive advantage
for the producer.
 impac impac
t t
Products Products
Automobiles Clothes washers (detergents)
Commercial & domestic furniture Dishwashers (detergents)
Packaging

Hazardous/toxic Hazardous or toxic

gases substances
carbon dioxide, nitrous oxides, heavy metals, organochlorides,
sulfur dioxide, ozone, phosphates
volatile organic compounds, etc.

Water pollution
Air pollution
 impact impac
Products Products t
Transportation, e.g. vehicles, Refrigerators and freezers
Electrical and electronic products Air conditioners
Gas-using products Polyurethane foams in furniture
Space heating and cooling systems
Water heating systems

ODS-CFCs,HFCS, halons,
trichlorothene, etc.
Energy-using
‘greenhouse effect’

Global warming Ozone depletion

Hidden ugliness of products ?
Legalized
pollution ?
 New Environmental Program Investment
Reflects Changing Focus in U.S.A.
Programs
Compliance

Remediation

Auditing

Plant Recycling

Energy efficiency

Pollution Prevention

CFC Reduction
Mature and Well-Developed Programs
Measure Performance
Fledgling and Planned Next 12 Months
Design for .
Env
En . Marketing
v 0% 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 60 % 70 % 80 % 90 % 100 %

Lent,
Lent,Wells,
Wells,Environmental
EnvironmentalTQM
TQM, 1994
DFE Introduction
Polluting products - an environmental load, that should be
avoided to the highest possible extent (2001)
 End-of -pipe Cleaner Product Policies
Production
Pollutan
level
t
waste
in
stream

Total entering
system

Pollutio
from
n
production

1970 1990 1998

FOCUS ON CONSUMPTION FOCUS ON DESIGN :

Pollution entering system now 60-70% of environmental impact
comes from consumer products determined at the design stage

The Paradigm Shift

IIIEE Product Systems - EcoDesign - Chris
IMPROVEMENT IN SYSTEMS APPROACH VS.END OF PIPE APPROACH
The benefits of using DFE are numerous :

•Reduced cycle times

•Reduced costs
•Improved products
•Reduced regulatory concerns
•Reduced future liability
•Improved market position
•Improved environmental performance
 PRODUCT
DISTRIBUTION
Completely new
New lines of
products
product
s 20% 10%
Cost
reductions
11%
Improvement
s
26%
Additions to
Adjustment existing lines
s 7% 26%
Strategies for DFE
1. Design for resource conservation
Use minimal material

Use renewable resources

Use materials which do not deplete natural resources

Use recycled and recyclable materials

Use waste by-products

2. Design for low impact materials
Avoid toxic or hazardous substances

Avoid ozone-depleting substances

Avoid/minimize the production of greenhouse gases

Use materials with low embodied energy

3. Design for cleaner manufacturing

4. Design for efficient distribution

Reduce the weight of the product and its packaging

Ensure that transport packaging is re-useable/recyclable

Choose an efficient transport system

5. Design for energy efficiency

Look for synergies

Look for waste

Design for part-load operation

Design for a range of conditions

Plan for ongoing efficiency improvement

Use computer modeling to support laboratory & field

work
6. Design for water efficiency
7. Design for minimal consumption
8. Design for pollution prevention
9. Design for durability
10. Design for disassembly
11. Design for re-manufacture
12. Design for re-use
13. Design for recycling
14. Design for degradability
15. Design for safe disposal
1. Environmental Impact Assessment
2. Risk Assessment
3. Environmental audit
4. Natural Resource accounting
5. Resource productivity
6. Product stewardship
7. Green concurrent engineering
8. The natural step
9. Ecological foot prints
10. Ecological rucksack
11. Fair share of environmental space
12. LCA, LCC, LCE, LCM, LCD, LCT
13. Substance flow analysis
14. Material intensity per unit service
15. Energy material analysis
16. Eco-points, Eco-compass, Eco-costing,
17. Eco-indicator
18. Green procurement
19. Green indices
20. Cleaner Technologies substitutes assessment
The ‘four steps’ model
Source: Brezet et
al
CYCLIC
Edwin Datschefski
SOLAR

SAFE

EFFICIENT

SOCIAL
CYCLIC ?
SOLAR ?
SAFE ?
EFFICIENT ?
SOCIAL ?
Indian scenario
ECOMARK scheme
http://envfor.nic.in/cpcb/ecomark/ecomark.htm
l
International
scenario
 Eco-labels - ISO type 1
Labels from independent third parties who
award them to the best environmental
performers in various product categories.
EXTERNAL STIMULI FOR ECO-DESIGN
Extended Producer Responsibility
Extended Producer Responsibility
“It is an environmental protection strategy to reach an
environmental objective of a decreased total
environmental impact from a product, by making the
manufacturer of the product responsible for the entire
life-cycle of the product and especially for the take-back,
recycling and final disposal of the product. It is
implemented through administrative, economic and
informative instruments. The composition of these
instruments determines the precise form of the Extended
Producer Responsibility.”
 WhyProducer
Extended extended producer
Responsibility
Why?

 Waste treatment will get increasingly

expensive
 Disposal cost is seldom included in the
product price
 It is difficult to solve problems related to
product content after the manufacturing
Extended
Extended Producer
Producer Responsibility
Responsibility

n Strategy / principle
n Reduced total impact of a product
n Responsibility for the entire life-cycle
n Reclaim, recovery, final disposal
n Is implemented through the use of
steering instruments
 What
What are
are the
the aims?
aims?
Two main goals:
– Solve the problems related to the already
existing waste.
– Stimulate environmentally conscious
product development.
Extended
Extended Producer
Producer
Responsibility
Responsibility

Liabilit
y

Economic Owner Physical

responsibilit - shi responsibilit
y y
p
Informative
responsibility
 Extended
Extended Producer
Producer Responsibility
Responsibility
Manufacturing 2

Manufacturing 3
Manufacturing 1
Who is the
producer?

Distribution
Recycling
Waste disposal

Usage
 EPR
EPR in
in Sweden
Sweden
n Tyres
n Newsprint
n Cars
n Batteries
n Elect o i
n n c appliances
rBuildings
n Textiles
 German
German Packaging
Packaging Ordinance
Ordinance
-- April
April 1991
1991

• to take back packaging at point

of
sale
• to re-use or recycle
packaging
or
• to join a collection system, which
guaranties an efficient collection,
sorting and recycling
 Germany
Germany -- Plastics
Plastics Recycling
Recycling 1989-96
1989-96
ton
600000

500000

400000

300000

200000

100000

0
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
WEEE/RoHS
 Waste Electrical and Electronic
Equipment Directive
• Producer Responsibility for Management of
WEEE
– What is WEEE I?
– What is WEEE II?
– What is WEEE III?
– Who is the producer?
– What is Management?
– Mechanistic Issues
• Country Level
• Take Back
 WEEE Scope
• Equipment which is dependent on electric
currents or electromagnetic fields in order to
work properly
• Equipment for the generation, transfer and
measurement of such currents and fields
• falls under the categories set out in annex IA
• is listed in Annex IB
• Is designed for use with a voltage rating not
exceeding 1000 Volt for alternating current and
1500 Volt for direct current
• Is not a product which is intended for specifically
military purposes
• Is not part of another type of equipment that does
not fall under the scope of the directive
 WEEE Scope
Categories of electrical and electronic equipment covered by
this Directive
1. Large household appliances
2. Small household appliances
3. IT and telecommunications equipment
4. Consumer equipment
5. Lighting equipment
6. Electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of
large-scale stationary industrial tools)
7. Toys, leisure and sports equipment
8. Medical devices (with the exception of all implanted
and infected products)
9. Monitoring and control instruments
10. Automatic dispensers
 Producer
• Producer is defined in the Directive as “any
person who irrespective of the selling
techniques:
– Manufactures and sells EEE under his own
brand
– Resells under his own brand, equipment
produced by other suppliers or
– Imports or exports EEE on a professional basis
into a member state.
 Management of WEEE
• Separate Collection System
– Not mixed with household trash
• Labeling of WEEE
• Hazard Information must be provided to
• Hierarchy of Treatment:
– Reuse
– Recycle
– Disposal

• EU Member State Targets:

• Different for various categories, e.g. for Categories 1 & 10:
– the rate of recovery shall be increased to a minimum of
75 % by an average weight per appliance, and
– component, material and substance reuse and recycling
shall be increased to a minimum of 65 % by an average
weight per appliance
 WEEE
EU Member State Implementation
• Each EU State Transposes this Directive
– Can set up state run or private collection and
treatment systems
– Different fee/taxation systems
– Can impose audits/inspections at border or
other points in the supply chain
– Labeling and Hazard Information requirements
may vary by state
 Restriction of Hazardous Substances
(RoHS)
• This Directive is EU-Wide – no transposition by
member states is allowed. Implementation date is 1
July 2006

• RoHS prohibits the presence of certain heavy metals

and brominated flame retardants, above Maximum
Contaminant Values, in products put on the market in
the EU after July 1, 2006.

• These restrictions are applicable to EEE in Categories

1-7 & 10.
 MCL/Homogenous Material
• Material Maximum Concentration Value (MCLs)
– Cadmium 0.01%
– Lead 0.1%
– Mercury 0.1%
– Hexavalent Chromium 0.1%
– Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) 0.1%
– Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) 0.1%
• “Homogeneous material” means a material that cannot
be mechanically disjointed into different materials.
The term ‘homogeneous’ is understood as “of uniform
composition throughout.”
 Examples
An electric cable that consisted of metal wires surrounded by nonmetallic
insulation materials would be an example of something that is not “homogeneous
material” because mechanical processes could separate the different materials.

A semi-conductor package would contain many homogeneous materials, which

include the plastic molding material, the tin electroplating coatings on the
leadframe, the lead-frame alloy, and the gold bonding wires.
 RoHS Scope
• Scope is the same as WEEE, except:
– Categories 8 (Medical devices (with the
exception of all implanted and infected
products)) & 9 (Monitoring and control
instruments) are excluded
– Spare parts for the repair, or for the reuse, of
EEE put on the market before 1 July 2006 are
excluded
 RoHS Exemptions
• Current Exemptions
• Many others under consideration
• Exemptions may be rescinded, if the EU
feels:
– Sufficient options exist to eliminate the usage
– Sufficient commitment to change has not been
demonstrated
– Exemptions are reviewed every four years
• WEEE/RoHS Directives References
• http://ec.europa.eu/comm/environment/waste/weee_index.htm

• EU FAQ on WEEE & RoHS

• This document gives key interpretation of some tricky elements of these
directives
• http://ec.europa.eu/comm/environment/waste/pdf/faq_weee.pdf

• Perchards Transposition Of The WEEE And RoHS Directives

In Other EU Member States
• http://www.consumer.gov.uk/sustainability/weee/Perchardsreport_Novemb
er05.pdf

• Orgalime Guide to understanding the scope of WEEE/RoHS

• http://www.teknikforetagen.se/upload/Pdf/Orgalime_WEEE_RoHS_Scope
_Guide.pdf#search='TRANSPOSITION%20OF%20THE%20WEEE%20
AND%20RoHS%20DIRECTIVES%20IN%20OTHER%20EU%20MEM
BER%20STATES%202006
‘
SERVICES
Re -THINK

Re -
DESIGN

Re - FINE

Re - PAIR

1. Eco-Innovation

2. Product-service mix

3. EcoReDesign
 Useful websites for DfE
Network for green designers www.O2.org
Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition www.svtc.org
http://www.o2.org
http://www.svtc.org
http://www.ilsr.org
http://www.cat.org.uk
http://www.zeri.org
http://www.globalff.org
http://www.mbdc.org
http://www.cfsd.org.uk
http://www.unep.frw.uva.nl
http://www.fairtrade.org.uk
http://www.GreenMarketing.com
http://www.applysd.co.uk
http://www.well.com/user/kk/OutOfControl
http://www.ce.cmu.edu/GeenDesign/education.html