MODULE-5

Smart and Connected Cities

Smart and Connected Cities
• The world is rapidly urbanizing, and this trend is slated to
continue. Less than one-third of the world’s population
lived in cities in 1950; by 2050, two-thirds of our planet’s
population will be city dwellers.
• Most cities started as small urban centres and grew
organically. Very few of them were initially designed to
immediately accommodate a very large population
• Rapid growth typically strains city infrastructure. Roads,
bridges, and sewer systems often reach their maximum
capacity, making access to urban services
• As the world population grows, emissions and
consumption also increase. When the population
concentrates in limited geographic areas, the environment’s
ability to absorb emissions and wastes reduces
• However, city leaders also know that the increasing population in a
city provides an opportunity to capitalize on the city’s potential.
Within the new population pouring into cities every hour of every
day, there are people with skills, talents, and dedicated mentalities
that will be assets to whatever city they end up living in.
• An IoT Strategy for Smarter Cities: defines how IoT technologies
can be leveraged to improve the lives of citizens and the efficient
management of urban centres.
• Smart City IoT Architecture describes the four main layers for
integration of IoT for smart cities
• Smart City Security Architecture: examines the primary constraints
and considerations to secure IoT for smart cities, both in terms of
communication and in terms of acceptable use of the collected
data.
• Smart City Use-Case Examples: details four use cases of IoT for
smart cities: street lighting, smart parking, traffic, and smart
environment.
An IoT Strategy for Smarter Cities
• Managing a city bears some resemblance to managing a
corporate enterprise
• As the need for efficiency increases, new tools help
increase operational efficiency. For cities, just as for
businesses, digitization transforms the perspective on
operations.
• New ideas emerge, bringing different approaches to
solving management issues. Scalable solutions utilizing
information and communications technology (ICT) can
alleviate many issues
• urban centres face today by increasing efficiency, which
reduces costs and enhances quality of life
• Cities that take this approach are commonly referred to as
smart cities, a concept often discussed in urban planning
and city policy circles worldwide.
 Vertical IoT Needs for Smarter Cities
• There are many differing approaches and solutions for city management.
All these solutions typically start at the street level, with sensors that
capture data on everything from parking space availability to water purity.
• Data analytics is also used extensively—for example, to reduce crime or
improve traffic flows.
• Citizens can use tools to leverage their smart mobile devices, such as to
report problems and make recommendations for improving urban life or
locate available parking spaces.
• When enabled through connectivity, these smart solutions can have a
transformative impact on quality of life. Information and communications
technology connects people, data, things, and processes together in
networks of billions or even trillions of connections
• These connections create vast amounts of data, some of which has never
been accessible before. When this data is analyzed and used intelligently,
the possibilities to correlate, analyze, and optimize services and processes
that deliver a better quality of life for people are practically endless.
• However, the growth of IoT applications for urban centers
not only delivers unique benefits for each issue it solves
but also enhances a city’s ability to develop efficient
services.
• Cities are expected to generate almost two-thirds (63%) of
IoT’s overall civilian benefits worldwide over the next
decade.2
• To maximize value, smart cities can combine use cases
through a shared-revenue business model together with
special partners to monetize city location services for retail
and tourism, as well as city planning, parking, and water
management.
• A recent Cisco study, as illustrated in Figure 12-1, expects
IoT to have the following economic impact over a 10-year
period
• Smart buildings: Smart buildings have the potential to save
$100 billion by lowering operating costs by reducing energy
consumption through the efficient integration of heating,
ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) and other building
infrastructure systems
• Note that the financial gain applies to city budgets only
when a building is city owned. However, the reduced
emissions benefit the city regardless of who owns the
buildings
• Gas monitoring: Monitoring gas could save $69 billion by
reducing meter-reading costs and increasing the accuracy of
readings for citizens and municipal utility agencies.
• The financial benefit is obvious for users and utility
companies when the utility is managed by the city. There
are also very important advantages in terms of safety,
• Smart parking: Smart parking could create $41 billion by
providing real-time visibility into parking space availability
across a city.
• Residents can identify and reserve the closest available
space, traffic wardens can identify noncompliant usage, and
municipalities can introduce demand-based pricing
• Water management: Smart water management could save
$39 billion by connecting household water meters over an
IP network to provide remote usage and status information
• The benefit is obvious, with features such as real-time
consumption visibility and leak detection. In addition, smart
meters can be used to coordinate and automate private and
public lawn watering, initiating the watering programs at
times when water consumption is lower or in accordance
with water restrictions imposed by civic authorities.
• At a city scale, IoT can be used to manage water
supply equipment and report status (for example,
open or closed, on or off, reservoir level, output speed
vs. input).
• A gate or a pump can be opened and closed remotely
and automatically in real time, based on a variety of
flow input and output analytics data.
• Vibrations can be measured to detect and predict
potential equipment failures.
• Repair teams can be dispatched proactively before
equipment failure occurs.
• These efficiency gains directly translate into
operational gains
• Road pricing: Cities could create $18 billion in new
revenues by implementing automatic payments as
vehicles enter busy city zones while improving overall
traffic conditions
• Real-time traffic condition data is very valuable and
actionable information that can also be used to
proactively reroute public transportation services or
private users.
• To maximize the return on investment (ROI) on their
energy and environmental investments, smart cities can
employ strategies that combine water management, smart
grid, waste management, particulate monitoring, and gas
monitoring.
• A smart city can use these technological advances to
improve its livability index, which can help attract
and retain talent amid increasingly competitive labour
markets
• The growth in jobs and talent influences the amount
of foreign investment and how many top companies
come to settle in a city, which in turn leads to higher
economic impact and improves the potential for
future investments.
Global vs. Siloed Strategies
• The main obstacle in implementing smart
solutions in today’s traditional infrastructure is the
complexity of how cities are operated, financed,
regulated, and planned.
• Cities attempting to upgrade their infrastructure to
match the growing needs of the citizen population
often invest in one problem at a time, and they do
it independently.
• Even cities using IoT technology break up city
assets and service management into silos that are
typically unable to communicate or rely on each
other.
• The independent investment model results in the following
problems:
• Isolation of infrastructure and IT resources
• No sharing of intelligence and information, such as video
feeds and data from sensors.
• Waste and duplication in investment and effort
• Difficulty scaling infrastructure management This
fragmented approach is not scalable, efficient, or
economically viable, and it does not benefit from cross-
functional sharing of data and services.
• For example, in traditional city infrastructure, parking,
lighting, and traffic departments are all administratively
independent and run separately, with their own budgets
used to invest in upgrading their respective infrastructures.
• City issues are typically large-scale.
• They require collection of large amounts of diverse data sets
in real time.
• For instance, managing traffic flows and congestion in a city
involves understanding patterns of traffic in real time.
• This means that data from traffic sensors, traffic cameras,
parking sensors, and more has to be collected and analyzed in
real time so that decision making can be optimized around
signal timing, rerouting, and so on.
• All these requirements pose technological challenges,
including the following:
• How do you collect the data? What are the various sources of
data, including hardware endpoints and software?
• How do you make sure that any data collection devices, such
as sensors, can be maintained without high costs?
• Where do you analyze the data? What data do you carry back
to the cloud, and what data do you analyze locally?
• What kind of network connectivity is best suited for each type
of data to collect?
• What kind of power availability and other infrastructure, such
as storage, is required?
• How do you aggregate data from different sources to create a
unified view?
• How do you publish the data and make it available for
applications to consume?
• How do you make the end analysis available to specialized
smart city personnel, such as traffic operators, parking
enforcement officers, street lighting operators, and so on at
their logical decision points?
• How do you present the long-term analysis to city planners?
• Smart City IoT Architecture
• A smart city IoT infrastructure is a four-layered
architecture, as shown in Figure 12-2. Data flows
from devices at the street layer to the city network
layer and connect to the data center layer, where the
data is aggregated, normalized, and virtualized. The
data center layer provides information to the services
layer, which consists of the applications that provide
services to the city.
• In smart cities, multiple services may use IoT
solutions for many different purposes. These services
may use different IoT solutions, with different
protocols and different application languages.
Street Layer
• The street layer is composed of devices and sensors that
collect data and take action based on instructions from the
overall solution, as well as the networking components
needed to aggregate and collect data.
• A sensor is a data source that generates data required to
understand the physical world.
• Sensor devices are able to detect and measure events in the
physical world. ICT connectivity solutions rely on sensors
to collect the data from the world around them so that it
can be analyzed and used to operationalize use cases for
cities.
• A variety of sensors are used at the street layer for a variety
of smart city use cases. Here is a short representative list:
• A magnetic sensor can detect a parking event by analyzing changes
in the surrounding magnetic
• field when a heavy metal object, such as a car or a truck, comes
close to it (or on top of it).
• A lighting controller can dim and brighten a light based on a
combination of time-based and ambient conditions.
• Video cameras combined with video analytics can detect vehicles,
faces, and traffic conditions for various traffic and security use cases.
• An air quality sensor can detect and measure gas and particulate
matter concentrations to give a hyper-localized perspective on
pollution in a given area.
• Device counters give an estimate of the number of devices in the
area, which provides a rough idea of the number of vehicles moving
or parked in a street or a public parking area, of pedestrians on a
sidewalk, or even of birds in public parks or on public monuments—
for cities where bird control has become an issue.
City Layer
• At the city layer, which is above the street layer, network
routers and switches must be deployed to match the size of
city data that needs to be transported.
• This layer aggregates all data collected by sensors and the
end-node network into a single transport network.
• The city layer may appear to be a simple transport layer
between the edge devices and the data center or the
Internet.
• However, one key consideration of the city layer is that it
needs to transport multiple types of protocols, for multiple
types of IoT applications.
• Some applications are delay- and jitter-sensitive, and some
other applications require a deterministic approach to frame
delivery.
Data Center Layer
• Ultimately, data collected from the sensors is sent to a
data center, where it can be processed and correlated.
• Based on this processing of data, meaningful
information and trends can be derived, and information
can be provided back.
• For example, an application in a data center can provide
a global view of the city traffic and help authorities
decide on the need for more or less common transport
vehicles.
• At the same time, an automated response can be
generated. For example, the same traffic information can
be processed to automatically regulate and coordinate
the street light durations at the scale of the entire city to
limit traffic congestion.
Services Layer
• Ultimately, the true value of ICT connectivity comes
from the services that the measured data can provide
to different users operating within a city.
• Smart city applications can provide value to and
visibility for a variety of user types, including city
operators, citizens, and law enforcement.
• The collected data should be
• visualized according to the specific needs of each
consumer of that data and the particular user
experience requirements and individual use cases
Smart City Security Architecture
• A serious concern of most smart cities and their
citizens is data security.
• Vast quantities of sensitive information are being
shared at all times in a layered, real-time
architecture, and cities have a duty to protect their
citizens’ data from unauthorized access, collection,
and tampering. Traditionally, network deployments
use a siloed approach and do not always follow
open security standards.
• Agencies may run applications and servers on the
public cloud, have limited security safeguards
• implemented, and use cloud-based collaboration
tools without proper security.
• Hence there is a need for a centralized, cloud-based,
compliance-based security mechanism to address
the needs of service providers and end users.
• Security is obviously an end-to-end problem,
starting with where and how data is collected, and
spanning pervasively throughout the entire data
processing lifecycle.
• A security architecture for smart cities must utilize
security protocols to fortify each layer of the
architecture and protect city data
• The following are common industry elements for security
on the network layer:
• Firewall: A firewall is located at the edge, and it should
be IPsec- and VPN-ready, and include user- and role-based
access control. It should also be integrated with the
architecture to give city operators remote access to the city
data center.
• VLAN: A VLAN provides end-to-end segmentation of
data transmission, further protecting data from rogue
intervention. Each service/domain has a dedicated VLAN
for data transmission.
• Encryption: Protecting the traffic from the sensor to the
application is a common requirement to avoid data
tampering and eavesdropping.
Smart City Use-Case Examples

Connected Street Lighting

• Of all urban utilities, street lighting comprises one of
the largest expenses in a municipality’s utility bill,
accounting for up to 40% of the total, according to
the New York State Department of Environmental
Conservation.4 Maintenance of street lights is an
operational challenge, given the large number of
lights and their vast geographic distribution.
• Cities commonly look for solutions to help reduce lighting
expenses and at the same time improve operating
efficiencies while minimizing upfront investment. The
installation of a smart street lighting solution can provide
significant energy savings and can also be leveraged to
provide additional services.
• In this regard, light-emitting diode (LED) technology leads
the transition from traditional street lighting to smart street
lighting:
• LEDs require less energy to produce more light than legacy
lights, and they have a much longer life span and a longer
maintenance cycle.
• A leading lighting company estimates that a complete
switch to LED technology can reduce
• individual light bills by up to 70%.5
Smart Parking
• Parking is a universal challenge for cities around the globe.
According to urban planning researchers, up to 30% of cars
driving in congested downtown traffic are searching for parking
spaces. Ineffective parking access and administration make
parking in urban areas a constant struggle and affect cities in many
ways.
• Smart Parking Use Cases
• Added traffic congestion is one consequence of drivers looking for
parking space, and it has several consequences:
• Contributes to pollution: Tons of extra carbon emissions are
released into the city’s environment due to cars driving around
searching for parking spots when they could be parked.
• Causes motorist frustration: In most cities, parking spot scarcity
causes drivers to lose patience and waste time, leading to road
rage, inattention, and other stress factors.
• Increases traffic incidents: Drivers searching for parking spots
cause increased congestion in the streets and that, in turn,
causes increased accidents and other traffic incidents.
• Revenue loss is another consequence of drivers looking
unsuccessfully for parking space, and it also has various
negative side effects:
• Cities often lose revenue: As a result of inadequate parking
meter enforcement and noparking, no-standing, and loading-
zone violations, cities lose revenue.
• Parking administration employee productivity suffers:
Employees waste time roaming the streets, attempting to
detect parking rules offenders.
• Parking availability affects income: Local shops and
businesses lose customers because of the decreased
accessibility caused by parking space shortages
Smart Traffic Control
• Traffic is one the most well-understood pain points for
any city. It is the leading cause of accidental death
globally, causes immense frustration, and heavily
contributes to pollution around the globe.
• A smart city traffic solution would combine crowd
counts, transit information, vehicle counts, and so on and
send events regarding incidents on the road so that other
controllers on the street could take action.
Smart Traffic Control Architecture
• In the architecture shown in Figure 12-9, a video
analytics sensor computes traffic events based on a video
feed and only pushes events (the car count, or metadata,
not the individual images) through the network.
Connected Environment
• As of 2017, 50% of the world’s population has
settled on less than 2% of the earth’s surface area.
• Such densely populated closed spaces can see
spikes in dangerous gas molecules at any given
moment.
• More than 90% of the world’s urban population
breathes in air with pollutant levels that are much
higher than the recommended thresholds, and one
out of every eight deaths worldwide is a result of
polluted air.
The Need for a Connected Environment
• To fully address the air quality issues in the short term and the
long term, a smart city would need to understand air quality
on a hyper-localized, real-time, distributed basis at any given
moment.
• To get those measurements, smart cities need to invest in the
following:
• Open-data platforms that provide current air quality
measurements from existing air quality monitoring stations
• Sensors that provide similar accuracy to the air quality stations
but are available at much lower prices
• Actionable insights and triggers to improve air quality through
cross-domain actions
• Visualization of environmental data for consumers and
maintenance of historical air quality data records to track
emissions over time
 Introduction to Arduino
• ardunio is very much popular At present it is used in for
different implementations of IoT throughout the world
ardunio devices are very much cheap, they are low
resource consuming and that is why they are very much
popular for use in implementation of internet of things.
• in a smart homes smart cities scenario like in a smart
hospital smart you know smart transportation connected
vehicles and so on.
• So, of are all these we need to take help of different IoT
devices. And one of the very popular once is arduino.
• So, ardunio if you have to use for the building of
internet of things, you have to by this which are very
cheap and then you have to program these and
• this is the ardunio UNO. So, ardunio UNO arduino has
different variants they all have different you know
differences in specifications and so on. So, this is the
ardunio UNO.
• And this is this device that has to be program, this has to
be programmed. As you can see over here this is very
small in size and it can be very much integrated with this
internet of things you know when you are trying to
implement internet of things it can be implemented on
top.
• So, these different sensors can be fitted to this device, the
different actuators can be fitted to this device, and this
sensors the different sensors and the different actuators in
after fitting the data that is received from the sensors.
These can be sent through the communication unit
Features of Arduino
• Open source based electronic programmable board (micro
controller)and software(IDE)
• Accepts analog and digital signals as input and gives
desired output
• No extra hardware required to load a program into the
controller board
Types of Arduino Board
• Arduino boards based on ATMEGA328 microcontroller
• Arduino boards based on ATMEGA32u4 microcontroller
• Arduino boards based on ATMEGA2560 microcontroller
• Arduino boards based on AT91SAM3X8E microcontroller
Board Details
• Power Supply: USB or power barrel jack
• Voltage Regulator
• LED Power Indicator
• Tx-Rx LED Indicator
• Output power, Ground
• Analog Input Pins
• Digital I/O Pins
Arduino IDE
• Arduino IDE is an open source software that is used to
program the Arduino controller board
• Based on variations of the C and C++ programming
language It can be downloaded from Arduino’s official
website and installed into PC
Set Up
• Power the board by connecting it to a PC via USB
cable
• Launch the Arduino IDE
• Set the board type and the port for the board
• TOOLS -> BOARD -> select your board
• TOOLS -> PORT -> select your port
Arduino IDE Overview
• Program coded in Arduino IDE is called a SKETCH
To create a new sketch
• File -> New
To open an existing sketch
• File -> open ->
There are some basic ready-to-use sketches available in
the EXAMPLES section
• ▪File -> Examples -> select any program
• Verify: Checks the code for compilation errors
• Upload: Uploads the final code to the controller board
• New: Creates a new blank sketch with basic structure
• Open: Opens an existing sketch
• Save: Saves the current sketch
Sketch Structure
• A sketch can be divided into two parts: ▪ Setup () ▪
Loop()
• The function setup() is the point where the code starts,
just like the main() function in C and C++
• I/O Variables, pin modes are initialized in the Setup()
function
• Loop() function, as the name suggests, iterates the
specified task in the program
Supported Datatype
• Arduino supports the following data types-
• Void Long
• Int Char
• Boolean Unsigned char
• Byte Unsigned int
• Word Unsigned long
• Float Double
• Array String-char array
• String-object Short
Arduino Function Librarie
• Input/Output Functions:
• The arduino pins can be configured to act as input or
output pins using the
• pinMode() function
Void setup ()
{
pinMode (pin , mode);
}
• Pin- pin number on the Arduino board
• Mode- INPUT/OUTPUT
Arduino Function Libraries (contd..
• digitalWrite() : Writes a HIGH or LOW value to a
digital pin
• analogRead() : Reads from the analog input pin i.e.,
voltage applied across the pin
• Character functions such as isdigit(), isalpha(),
isalnum(), isxdigit(), islower(), isupper(), isspace()
return 1(true) or 0(false)
• Delay() function is one of the most common time
manipulation function used to provide a delay of
specified time. It accepts integer value (time in
miliseconds)
Example- Blinking LED
• Requirement:
• Arduino controller board, USB connector, Bread
board, LED, 1.4Kohm resistor, connecting wires,
Arduino IDE
• Connect the LED to the Arduino using the Bread
board and the connecting wires
• Connect the Arduino board to the PC using the
USB connector
• Select the board type and port
• Write the sketch in the editor, verify and upload.
• Connect the positive terminal of the LED to digital
pin 12 and the negative terminal to the ground pin
(GND) of Arduino Board

void setup() {
pinMode(12, OUTPUT); // set the pin mode
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite(12, HIGH); // Turn on the LED
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(12, LOW); //Turn of the LED
delay(1000); }
• Set the pin mode as output which is connected to the
led, pin 12 in this case.
• Use digitalWrite() function to set the output as HIGH
and LOW
• Delay() function is used to specify the delay between
HIGH-LOW transition of the output

• Connect he board to the PC

• Set the port and board type
• Verify the code and upload, notice the TX –RX led in
the board starts flashing as the code is uploaded.
 Introduction to Arduino Programming

Operators
• Arithmetic Operators: =, +, -, *, /, %
• Comparison Operator: ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=
• Boolean Operator: &&, ||, !
• Bitwise Operator: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>,
• Compound Operator: ++, --, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, |=,
&=
• Control Statement
If statement if(condition){
Statements if the
condition is true ;
}
If…Else statement if(condition ){
Statements if the
condition is true;
}
else{
Statements if the
condition is false;
}
• If…….Elseif…..Else
if (condition1)
{
Statements if the condition1 is true;
}
else if (condition2)
{ Statements if the condition1 is false and
condition2 is true;
} else{ Statements if both the conditions are
false; }
• Switch Case  Switch(choice)
{ case opt1: statement_1;break;
case opt2: statement_2;break;
case opt3: statement_3;break;
...
case default: statement_default; break;
} Conditional Operator. Val=(condition)?
(Statement1): (Statement2)
• Loops
For loop
for(initialization; condition; increment){
Statement till the condition is true;
}
While loop
while(condition){
Statement till the condition is true;
}
Do… While loop
Do{
Statement till the condition is true;
}while(condition);
Arrays
• Collection of elements having homogenous
datatypethat are stored in adjacent memory location.
The conventional starting index is 0.
Declaration of array: <Datatype> array_name[size];
Ex: intarre[5];
Alternative Declaration:
int arre[]={0,1,2,3,4};
int arre[5]={0,1,2};
Multi-dimentional array Declaration:
<Datatype> array_name[n1] [n2][n3]….;
Ex: int arre[row][col][height];
String
Array of characters with NULL as termination is
termed as a String.
Declaration using Array: char str[]=“ABCD”; char
str[4]; str[0]=‘A’; str[0]=‘B’; str[0]=‘C’; str[0]=0;
Declaration using String Object: String str=“ABC”;
str.ToUpperCase(): change all the characters of str to
upper case
str.replace(str1,str2): is str1 is the sub string of str then
it will be replaced by str2
str.length(): returns the length of the string without
considering null
Math Library
• To apply the math functions and mathematical constants,
“MATH.h” header files is needed to be included.
Functions: cos(double radian); sin(double radian); tan(double
radian); fabs(double val); fmod(double val1, double val2);
exp(double val); log(double val); log10(double val);
square(double val); pow(double base, double power);
• Random Number
randomSeed(intv): reset the pseudo-random number generator
with seed value v
• random(maxi)=gives a random number within the range
[0,maxi]
• random(mini,maxi)=gives a random number within the
range [mini,maxi]
Interrupts
• An external signal for which system blocks the
current running process to process that signal
Types: Hardware interrupt
Software interrupt

• digitalPinToInterrupt(pin):
• Change actual digital pin to the specific
interrupt
number.attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(
pin),ISR, mode);
• ISR: a interrupt service routine have to be defined