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    Beee PPT - 5

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    Girish Shankar Mishra
    1. Identify the 3 nodes and choose a reference node 2. Write the nodal equations at nodes 1 and 2, with the voltage source connecting node 2 to the reference providing the voltage at node 2 3. Solve the nodal equations simultaneously to find the unknown node voltages V1 and V2 The circuit has 3 nodes and we choose node 3 as the reference node. No equation is needed for node 2 since its voltage is given by the voltage source. The nodal equation at node 1 is written. This along with the known voltage at node 2 are solved simultaneously to find V1 = -30 V and V2 = -12 V.

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    Beee PPT - 5

    Uploaded by

    Girish Shankar Mishra
    38 views24 pages
    1. Identify the 3 nodes and choose a reference node 2. Write the nodal equations at nodes 1 and 2, with the voltage source connecting node 2 to the reference providing the voltage at node 2 3. Solve the nodal equations simultaneously to find the unknown node voltages V1 and V2 The circuit has 3 nodes and we choose node 3 as the reference node. No equation is needed for node 2 since its voltage is given by the voltage source. The nodal equation at node 1 is written. This along with the known voltage at node 2 are solved simultaneously to find V1 = -30 V and V2 = -12 V.

    Original Title

    BEEE PPT - 5

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    1. Identify the 3 nodes and choose a reference node 2. Write the nodal equations at nodes 1 and 2, with the voltage source connecting node 2 to the reference providing the voltage at node 2 3. Solve the nodal equations simultaneously to find the unknown node voltages V1 and V2 The circuit has 3 nodes and we choose node 3 as the reference node. No equation is needed for node 2 since its voltage is given by the voltage source. The nodal equation at node 1 is written. This along with the known voltage at node 2 are solved simultaneously to find V1 = -30 V and V2 = -12 V.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    38 views24 pages

    Beee PPT - 5

    Uploaded by

    Girish Shankar Mishra
    1. Identify the 3 nodes and choose a reference node 2. Write the nodal equations at nodes 1 and 2, with the voltage source connecting node 2 to the reference providing the voltage at node 2 3. Solve the nodal equations simultaneously to find the unknown node voltages V1 and V2 The circuit has 3 nodes and we choose node 3 as the reference node. No equation is needed for node 2 since its voltage is given by the voltage source. The nodal equation at node 1 is written. This along with the known voltage at node 2 are solved simultaneously to find V1 = -30 V and V2 = -12 V.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 24

    Contents

     Ohms law
     Kirchhoff’s laws (KCL, KVL)
     Series and parallel circuits
     Source transformations
     Mesh analysis
     Nodal analysis.
     Linearity and superposition theorem with simple examples
     Thevenin's theorem
     Norton's theorem with simple examples
     Maximum power transfer theorem with simple examples.
     Delta-wye conversion
    Nodal Analysis
    • There are two basic methods that are used for
    solving any electrical network: Nodal
    analysis and Mesh analysis. In this chapter, let
    us discuss about the Nodal analysis method.
    • In Nodal analysis, we will consider the node
    voltages with respect to Ground. Hence, Nodal
    analysis is also called as Node-voltage
    method.
    Procedure of Nodal Analysis

    Follow these steps while solving any electrical network or


    circuit using Nodal analysis.
    • Step 1 − Identify the principal nodes and choose one of
    them as reference node. We will treat that reference node
    as the Ground.
    • Step 2 − Label the node voltages with respect to Ground
    from all the principal nodes except the reference node.
    • Step 3 − Write nodal equations at all the principal nodes
    except the reference node. Nodal equation is obtained by
    applying KCL first and then Ohm’s law.
    • Step 4 − Solve the nodal equations obtained in Step 3 in
    order to get the node voltages.
    Steps to determine node voltage
    Reference Node Representation
    Nodal analysis
    Nodal analysis
    Reminder : Cremer’s Rule
    Example 1
    Find the current flowing through 20 Ω resistor of
    the following circuit using Nodal analysis
    Solution
    • Step 1 − There are three principle nodes in
    the above circuit. Those are labelled as 1, 2,
    and 3 (reference node) in the following figure.
    Step 2 − The node voltages, V1 and V2, are
    labelled in the following figure.
    Step 3 − In this case, we will get two nodal
    equations, since there are two principal nodes,
    1 and 2, other than Ground. When we write the
    nodal equations at a node, assume all the
    currents are leaving from the node for which
    the direction of current is not mentioned and
    that node’s voltage as greater than other node
    voltages in the circuit.
    Step 4 − Finding node voltages, V1 and V2 by
    solving Equation 1 and Equation 2.
    Step 5 − The voltage across 20 Ω resistor is
    nothing but the node voltage V2 and it is equal
    to 40 V. Now, we can find the current flowing
    through 20 Ω resistor by using Ohm’s law.
    THE STRATEGY FOR NODE ANALYSIS 1. IDENTIFY ALL NODES AND SELECT
    A REFERENCE NODE

    2. IDENTIFY KNOWN NODE VOLTAGES

    3. AT EACH NODE WITH UNKNOWN


    VOLTAGE WRITE A KCL EQUATION
    (e.g.,SUM OF CURRENT LEAVING =0)
    REFERENCE
    4. REPLACE CURRENTS IN TERMS OF
    NODE VOLTAGES

    AND GET ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS IN


    THE NODE VOLTAGES ...

    SHORTCUT: SKIP WRITING


    THESE EQUATIONS...

    AND PRACTICE WRITING


    THESE DIRECTLY
    Node analysis
    NODE EQS. BY INSPECTION

    IN MOST CASES THERE


    ARE SEVERAL DIFFERENT
    WAYS OF SOLVING A Once node voltages are known
    PROBLEM

    CURRENTS COULD BE COMPUTED DIRECTLY


    USING KCL AND CURRENT DIVIDER!!
    3 nodes plus the reference. In
    principle one needs 3 equations...

    …but two nodes are connected to


    the reference through voltage
    sources. Hence those node
    voltages are known!!!

    …Only one KCL is necessary

    Hint: Each voltage source


    connected to the reference THESE ARE THE REMAINING
    node saves one node equation TWO NODE EQUATIONS
    Nodal Analysis: Example 2, using circuit values.

    Find V1 and V2.

    At v1:

    At v2:

    8
    From Eq
    V1 + 2V1 – 2V2 = 20
    or
    3V1 – 2V2 = 20

    From Eq

    4V2 – 4V1 + V2 = -120


    or
    -4V1 + 5V2 = -120

    Solution: V1 = -20 V, V2 = -40 V


    Nodal Analysis: Example 3: Numerical example with voltage
    source.

    What do we do first?
    At v1:

    At v2:
    Clearing Eq
    4V1 + 10V1 + 100 – 10V2 = -200
    or
    14V1 – 10V2 = -300
    Clearing Eq 6.16

    4V2 + 6V2 – 60 – 6V1 = 0


    or
    -6V1 + 10V2 = 60

    V1 = -30 V, V2 = -12 V, I1 = -2 A

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