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    Electron Displacement Effects in Covalent Bonds

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    Naveen V
    Electron displacement effects in covalent bonds include inductive effects, resonance, and hyperconjugation. Inductive effects involve the displacement of electrons along a saturated carbon chain due to a polar covalent bond at the end of the chain. There are two types: -I effect from electron withdrawing groups and +I effect from electron donating groups. Resonance arises from delocalization of π electrons to form resonant structures. Hyperconjugation also involves π electron delocalization but without changing bond structure; it explains stability in alkylated alkenes.

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    Electron Displacement Effects in Covalent Bonds

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    Naveen V
    318 views11 pages
    Electron displacement effects in covalent bonds include inductive effects, resonance, and hyperconjugation. Inductive effects involve the displacement of electrons along a saturated carbon chain due to a polar covalent bond at the end of the chain. There are two types: -I effect from electron withdrawing groups and +I effect from electron donating groups. Resonance arises from delocalization of π electrons to form resonant structures. Hyperconjugation also involves π electron delocalization but without changing bond structure; it explains stability in alkylated alkenes.

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    ELECTRON DISPLACEMENT EFFECTS IN COVALENT BONDS

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    Electron displacement effects in covalent bonds include inductive effects, resonance, and hyperconjugation. Inductive effects involve the displacement of electrons along a saturated carbon chain due to a polar covalent bond at the end of the chain. There are two types: -I effect from electron withdrawing groups and +I effect from electron donating groups. Resonance arises from delocalization of π electrons to form resonant structures. Hyperconjugation also involves π electron delocalization but without changing bond structure; it explains stability in alkylated alkenes.

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    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    318 views11 pages

    Electron Displacement Effects in Covalent Bonds

    Uploaded by

    Naveen V
    Electron displacement effects in covalent bonds include inductive effects, resonance, and hyperconjugation. Inductive effects involve the displacement of electrons along a saturated carbon chain due to a polar covalent bond at the end of the chain. There are two types: -I effect from electron withdrawing groups and +I effect from electron donating groups. Resonance arises from delocalization of π electrons to form resonant structures. Hyperconjugation also involves π electron delocalization but without changing bond structure; it explains stability in alkylated alkenes.

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 11

    JAI GURUDEV

    ELECTRON DISPLACEMENT
    EFFECTS IN COVALENT BONDS
    By
    Naveen V
    XI A
    Maharishi School of Excellence – Thiruverkadu
    1.Inductive effect

    It is a permanent effect that arises when some electron releasing or withdrawing group is attached to
    chain of alkane.

     Example:- C-C-C-C-C1-X

    • If X is electronegative, it will attract the shared pair electrons more towards itself. As a result, X will
    acquire partial negative charge and C1 will acquire partial positive charge.

    •Now this positive charge of C1 will attract electrons of C1 – C2 As a result, some of the positive charge
    on C1 will be reduced and on C2 it will develop.

    •This effect happens only till 4thcarbon as after 4th carbon the magnitude of charge is almost nil.

    •So, we can define it as “the displacement of electrons along the saturated carbon chain due to
    presence of polar covalent bond at the end of the chain. “
    TYPES OF INDUCTIVE EFFECT
    It is of two types
    •-I effect
    •+I effect

    -I effect –It is shown when electron withdrawing group is attached to the carbon chain.

    •Please note: More is the electron withdrawing, more is the -I effect.

    •Order of groups in increasing strength towards -I effect:


     
    NO2 > CN> COOH > COO> F> Cl> Br> I

    +I effect - It is shown when electron releasing group is attached to carbon chain .

    Example – Alkyl groups.


    3.Resonance

    It occurs due to delocalisation of π electron cloud so as to get best structure as compared to other structure.

    Example:       Structure of CO2   

    But, it was seen that Bond Length of that CO bond is not same as that of C=O. It lies in between C-C and C O.

    So, as to explain the Resonating structures were proposed.


                           
    Resonance is best seen in Benzene: It is also called as Mesomeric effect .

    It arises due to polarity developed in Benzene ring due to delocalisation of π electron.


    + R effect -It is shown when electron donating group is attached to benzene ring. Like 
    If any positively charged group approaches it attacks at Ortho and Para positions.

    -R effect – Shown by electron withdrawing group when attached to benzene ring.

    Example:
    HYPER CONJUGATION
    It is like resonance but the difference is that there is no bond present from where the electrons are shifted.
    The Condition required: It arises when = and – bond is at adjacent position.
    Example: –: 
    •“More the terminal Hydrogen , more is the Hyper-conjugated structure.”
    •We can define it as interaction between π electrons and adjacent bond of substituent group attached to it.
    •It is also called as Baker Nathan and non-bond resonance.
    •It can explain stability of Alkylated alkenes.

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