‫من ُظومات تكييف الهواء‬ Dr.

Mohammed Osman
AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS - MEE51413 [email protected]
‫الصف الخامس‬
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 UNIT 2. AIR-CONDITIONING
SYSTEMS
* TheINTRODUCTION
(A/C) plant acts either as a heat source (in case
of winter systems) or as a heat sink (in case of
summer systems).
* Air, water or refrigerant are used as media for
transferring energy from the air conditioning plant to
the conditioned space. A thermal distribution system
is required to circulate the media between the
conditioned space and the A/C plant.
* Another important function of the thermal
distribution system is to introduce the required
amount of fresh air into the conditioned space so that
the required Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) can be
maintained. 2
INTRODUCTION
Selection of a suitable air conditioning system depends on:

1. Capacity, performance and spatial requirements.

2. Initial and running costs.

3. Required system reliability and flexibility.

4. Maintainability.

5. Architectural constraints.

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 2.1 THE
COMPLETE
SYSTEM
Schematic of the equipment
providing heating or cooling fluid
to air handlers in typical all-air
commercial HVAC systems.

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A LARGE CENTRIFUGAL CHILLER.
A MECHANICAL-DRAFT COOLING
TOWER

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A LARGE AIR-COOLED
CHILLER UNIT.

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2.2 SYSTEM SELECTION AND
ARRANGEMENT
* most of the central HVAC equipment is located in one or more mechanical
rooms outside the conditioned area, in a basement, on the roof, or in a service
area at the core of the building that reduce the noise, spills, and mechanical
maintenance.
* Equipment normally are:
• Fans or air handlers for moving air with associated dampers and filters.
• Pumps for moving heated or chilled water and appropriate control valves.
• Heat exchangers for transferring energy from one fluid stream to another.
• Flow measuring and control devices.
• Chillers and furnace or boiler equipment.
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2.3 HVAC COMPONENTS AND
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
* Air-Handling Equipment (Centrifugal Fan)
* Pumps and Piping (A single-inlet direct-coupled centrifugal pump)

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2.4 TYPES OF ALL-AIR
SYSTEMS
 In these systems air is processed in the A/C plant and this processed air
is then conveyed to the conditioned space through insulated ducts using
blowers and fans.
 In the all-air systems, both energy and ventilating air are carried
by:
* adapted for process work.
* it is applied in most buildings having individual or multiplicity of zones,
such as office buildings, schools and universities, laboratories, hospitals,
stores, hotels, and ships.
* used for any special applications where a need exists for close control of
temperature and humidity.
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2.4 TYPES OF ALL-AIR
SYSTEMS
All air systems

Single duct systems Dual duct systems

(only cooling or heating) (cooling and heating
simultaneously)
Constant Constant Variable Dual duct,
Dual duct
volume, single volume, multiple volume constant
variable volume
zone systems zone systems systems volume
systems
systems

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SINGLE DUCT, CONSTANT
VOLUME, SINGLE ZONE SYSTEMS

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SINGLE DUCT, CONSTANT
VOLUME, SINGLE ZONE
SYSTEMS
 it is called as the volumetric flow rate of supply air is always maintained
constant.
 a zone refers to a space controlled by one thermostat.
 zone here may consist of a single room or one floor or whole of a
building consisting of several rooms.
 constant volume systems is regulated by regulating the supply air
temperature and humidity ratio in proper locations.
 the amount of OD air supplied by controlling the damper position.

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SINGLE DUCT, CONSTANT
VOLUME, SINGLE ZONE
SYSTEMS
 The supply air conditions are controlled by either:
•coil control:
 varying the flow rate of cold and hot water in the cooling and heating
coils.
 control is simpler.
it is not possible to control the zone humidity precisely.

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 SINGLE DUCT, CONSTANT
VOLUME, SINGLE ZONE
•SYSTEMS
face-and-bypass control:
the cold and hot water flow rates are maintained constant, and amount of
air flowing over the coils are decreased or increased by opening or closing
the by-pass dampers
 it is possible to control the zone humidity more precisely
 occupies more space physically and is also expensive compared to coil
control
 Applications:
1/Spaces with uniform loads, such as large open areas with small external
loads e.g. theatres, auditoria, departmental stores.
2/Spaces requiring precision control such as laboratories. 14
SINGLE DUCT, CONSTANT VOLUME,
MULTIPLE ZONE SYSTEMS

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SINGLE DUCT, CONSTANT
VOLUME, MULTIPLE ZONE
SYSTEMS
Advantages
a) Relatively small space requirement
b) Excellent temperature and humidity control over a wide range of zone
loads
c) Proper ventilation and air quality in each zone is maintained as the
supply air amount is kept constant under all conditions
Disadvantages
a) High energy consumption for cooling, as the air is first cooled to a very
low temperature and is then heated in the reheat coils
b) Simultaneous cooling and heating is not possible

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SINGLE DUCT, VARIABLE AIR VOLUME
(VAV) SYSTEMS

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SINGLE DUCT, VARIABLE AIR
VOLUME (VAV) SYSTEMS
 The amount of air supplied to each zone is controlled by a zone damper
advantages
a) lower energy consumption in the cooling system as air is not cooled to
very low temperatures and then reheated as in constant volume systems.
b) lower energy consumption also results due to lower fan power input due
to lower flow rate, when the load is low.
disadvantages
a) the flow rate is controlled, there could be problems with ventilation,
IAQ and room air distribution when the zone loads are very low.
b) in addition it is difficult to control humidity precisely using VAV
systems. Balancing of dampers could be difficult if the airflow rate varies
widely. 18
DUAL DUCT, CONSTANT
VOLUME SYSTEMS

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DUAL DUCT, CONSTANT
VOLUME SYSTEMS
advantages
1. Since total airflow rate to each zone is constant, it is possible to maintain
proper IAQ and room air distribution.
2. Cooling in some zones and heating in other zones can be achieved
simultaneously.
3. System is very responsive to variations in the zone load, thus it is possible to maintain
required conditions precisely.
disadvantages
1. Occupies more space as both cold air and hot air ducts have to be sized to handle all the
air flow rate, if required.
2. Not very energy efficient due to the need for simultaneous cooling and heating of the air
streams.
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DUAL DUCT, VARIABLE AIR
VOLUME SYSTEMS
These systems are similar to dual duct, constant volume systems with the
only difference that instead of maintaining constant flow rates to each
zone, the mixing boxes reduce the air flow rate as the load on the zone
drops.

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OUTDOOR AIR CONTROL IN
ALL AIR SYSTEMS
 a sub-system controls the amount of outdoor air by controlling the
position of exhaust, re-circulated and outdoor air dampers.
 From mass balance, when the outdoor air damper opens the re-circulated
air damper closes, and vice versa.
 The control system maintains a minimum amount of outdoor air (about
10 to 20% of supply air flow rate as required for ventilation) when the
outdoor is too cold (≤-30C) or too warm (≥ 24C).
 A 100 percent outdoor air can be used when the outdoor air temperature
is between 13C to about 24C. By this method it is possible to reduce the
annual energy consumption.

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ALL WATER SYSTEMS
 the fluid used in the thermal distribution system is water.
 water transports energy between the conditioned space and the air
conditioning plant.

all water
systems

2-pipe system 4-pipe system

(only cooling or (cooling and heating
heating) simultaneously)

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2-PIPE SYSTEM

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2-PIPE SYSTEM
 A flow control valve controls the flow rate of hot or cold water to the
conditioned space and thereby meets the required building heating or
cooling load.
 A pressure relief valve (PRV) is installed in the water line for
maintaining balanced flow rate.
 One of the following equipment can be used for transferring heat:
1. Fan coil units
2. Convectors
3. Radiators

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FAN COIL UNIT

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2-PIPE SYSTEM
 Fan coil units for domestic air conditioning are available in the airflow
range of 100 to 600 l/s, with multi-speed, high efficiency fans.
 The fan coil units are either floor mounted, window mounted or ceiling
mounted.
 In some designs, the fan coil unit also consists of a heating coil, which
could be in the form of an electric heater or steam or hot water
coil.
 Fan coil unit can be controlled either by cold water flow rate or by
controlling air flow rate or both.
 Airflow rate can be controlled either by a damper arrangement or by
varying the fan speed. The control may be manual or automatic.
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CONVECTOR
 Consists of a finned tube coil through which hot or cold fluid flows.
 Heat transfer takes place by natural convection only, hence no fans are
used for moving air.
 Very widely used for heating applications, and very rarely are used for
cooling applications.

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RADIATOR
 heat transfer between the coil and the surrounding air is primarily by
radiation.
 some amount of heat is also transferred by natural convection.
 widely used for heating applications, however, in recent times they are
also being used for cooling applications.

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ADVANTAGES OF ALL WATER
SYSTEMS
1. The thermal distribution system requires very less space compared to all
air systems. Also the plant size will be small due to the absence of large
supply air fans.
2. Individual room control is possible, and at the same time the system
offers all the benefits of a large central system.
3. Since the temperature of hot water required for space heating is small, it
is possible to use solar or waste heat for winter heating.
4. It can be used for new as well existing buildings (retrofitting).
5. Simultaneous cooling and heating is possible with 4-pipe systems.

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DISADVANTAGES OF ALL
WATER SYSTEMS
1. Requires higher maintenance compared to all air systems, particularly in
the conditioned space.
2. Draining of condensate water can be messy and may also create health
problems. How to solve?
3. If ventilation is provided by opening windows, then, it is difficult to
ensure positive ventilation under all circumstances, as this depends on
wind effects.
4. Control of humidity, particularly during summer is difficult using
chilled water control valves.
Applications: All water systems using fan coil units are most suitable in
buildings requiring individual room control, such as hotels, apartment
buildings and office buildings. 31