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    Sorting Algorithm: CSC 203 - Algorithms and Complexity

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    Guilbert Atillo
    The document discusses three sorting algorithms: insertion sort, merge sort, and quicksort. Insertion sort iterates through an array and inserts each element into the sorted position. Merge sort divides an array in half, recursively sorts the halves, and then merges the halves together. Quicksort selects a pivot element and partitions the array into sub-arrays of smaller and larger elements, sorting them recursively. All three algorithms have average case performance of O(n log n).

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    Sorting Algorithm: CSC 203 - Algorithms and Complexity

    Uploaded by

    Guilbert Atillo
    56 views21 pages
    The document discusses three sorting algorithms: insertion sort, merge sort, and quicksort. Insertion sort iterates through an array and inserts each element into the sorted position. Merge sort divides an array in half, recursively sorts the halves, and then merges the halves together. Quicksort selects a pivot element and partitions the array into sub-arrays of smaller and larger elements, sorting them recursively. All three algorithms have average case performance of O(n log n).

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    Sorting

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    The document discusses three sorting algorithms: insertion sort, merge sort, and quicksort. Insertion sort iterates through an array and inserts each element into the sorted position. Merge sort divides an array in half, recursively sorts the halves, and then merges the halves together. Quicksort selects a pivot element and partitions the array into sub-arrays of smaller and larger elements, sorting them recursively. All three algorithms have average case performance of O(n log n).

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    56 views21 pages

    Sorting Algorithm: CSC 203 - Algorithms and Complexity

    Uploaded by

    Guilbert Atillo
    The document discusses three sorting algorithms: insertion sort, merge sort, and quicksort. Insertion sort iterates through an array and inserts each element into the sorted position. Merge sort divides an array in half, recursively sorts the halves, and then merges the halves together. Quicksort selects a pivot element and partitions the array into sub-arrays of smaller and larger elements, sorting them recursively. All three algorithms have average case performance of O(n log n).

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    CSC 203 – Algorithms and Complexity

    Sorting Algorithm
    Insertion sort is a simple sorting algorithm that works similar to the way you sort playing
    cards in your hands. The array is virtually split into a sorted and an unsorted part. Values
    from the unsorted part are picked and placed at the correct position in the sorted part.

    Algorithm
    To sort an array of size n in ascending order:
    1: Iterate from arr[1] to arr[n] over the array.
    2: Compare the current element (key) to its predecessor.
    3: If the key element is smaller than its predecessor, compare it to the elements before.
    4.Move the greater elements one position up to make space for the swapped element
    However, insertion sort provides several advantages:

    • Simple implementation: Jon Bentley shows a three-line C version, and a five-line 


    optimized version[1]
    • Efficient for (quite) small data sets, much like other quadratic sorting algorithms
    • More efficient in practice than most other simple quadratic (i.e., O(n2)) algorithms
    such as selection sort or bubble sort
    • Adaptive, i.e., efficient for data sets that are already substantially sorted: the 
    time complexity is O(kn) when each element in the input is no more than k places
    away from its sorted position
    • Stable; i.e., does not change the relative order of elements with equal keys
    • In-place; i.e., only requires a constant amount O(1) of additional memory space
    • Online; i.e., can sort a list as it receives it
    The insertion sort algorithm sorting a 30 element array.

    Worst-case performance О(n2) comparisons and swaps


    Best-case performance O(n) comparisons, O(1) swaps
    Average performance О(n2) comparisons and swaps
    Worst-case space complexity
    Pseudocode for Insertion Sort
    Example 2
    In computer science, Merge sort is an efficient, general-purpose, comparison-
    based sorting algorithm. Most implementations produce a stable sort, which
    means that the order of equal elements is the same in the input and output. Merge
    sort is a divide and conquer algorithm that was invented by John von Neumann in
    1945.
    Algorithm:
    MergeSort(arr[], l, r) If r > l
    1. Find the middle point to divide the array into two halves:
    middle m = (l+r)/2
    2. Call mergeSort for first half:
    Call mergeSort(arr, l, m)
    3. Call mergeSort for second half:
    Call mergeSort(arr, m+1, r)
    4. Merge the two halves sorted in step 2 and 3:
    Call merge(arr, l, m, r)
    Time – Space Complexity
    Class Sorting algorithm
    Data structure Array
    Worst-case performance O(n log n)
    Best-case performance O(n log n) typical, O(n) natural variant
    Average performance O(n log n)
    Worst-case space complexity О(n) total with O(n) auxiliary, O(1) auxiliary with linked
    lists[
    Pseudocode
    Example 2.
    Example 3.
    Quicksort (sometimes called partition-exchange sort) is an efficient sorting algorithm.
    Developed by British computer scientist Tony Hoare in 1959[1] and published in 1961,[2] it is
    still a commonly used algorithm for sorting. When implemented well, it can be about two
    or three times faster than its main competitors, merge sort and heapsort.[3]

    • Quicksort is a divide-and-conquer algorithm. It works by selecting a 'pivot' element from


    the array and partitioning the other elements into two sub-arrays, according to whether
    they are less than or greater than the pivot. The sub-arrays are then sorted recursively.
    This can be done in-place, requiring small additional amounts of memory to perform the
    sorting.

    • Quicksort is a comparison sort, meaning that it can sort items of any type for which a
    "less-than" relation (formally, a total order) is defined. Efficient implementations of
    Quicksort are not a stable sort, meaning that the relative order of equal sort items is not
    preserved.
    An animation of the quicksort algorithm sorting an array of randomized values. The red bars mark the pivot
    element; at the start of the animation, the element farthest to the right hand side is chosen as the pivot.
    Class Sorting algorithm
    Worst-case performance O(n2)
    Best-case performance O(n log n) (simple partition)
    or O(n) (three-way partition and equal keys)
    Average performance O(n log n)
    Worst-case space complexity O(n) auxiliary (naive)
    O(log n) auxiliary (Hoare 1962)
    Pseudocode
    Example 2
    Example 3
    Example 1.
    Perform 1) Insertion 2) Merge 3) Quicksort to the given array below:

    Y[20] = 99, 45, 3, -2, 55, 66, 1, 0, 5, 89, 99, 38, 24, 78, 2, 9, 8, 4, 79, 58, 33
    THANKS…

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