DATA COMMUNICATION CONCEPTS

CHAPTER 5

TRANSMISSION
EFFICIENCY

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5.0 OBJECTIVES
 At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Understand the concepts of multiplexing.
2. Identify devices used in multiplexing.
3. Understand the terms in multiplexing.
4. Analyze and apply the categories of multiplexing.

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 PP 11.1.1

5.1 MULTIPLEXER (MUX) AND

DEMULTIPLEXER (DEMUX)
 Multiplexing : set of techniques that allows the
simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a
single data link.

1 path D
3 channels
M E
U M
X U
X
a) No multiplexing
b) Multiplexing

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 PP 11.1.2

Many to One/One to Many:

 Many-to-one : many devices (multiple devices) on the left,
direct their transmission streams to a multiplexer (MUX),
which combines them into a single stream.
 One-to-many : at the receiving end, that stream is fed into
a demultiplexer (DEMUX) which separates the stream
back into its component transmission and direct them to
their intended receiving devices.
 Multiplexer (MUX) :
- A device used for multiplexing.
- Modulates/combines signal.

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 PP 11.1.3

 Demultiplexer (DEMUX) :
- A device that separates a multiplexed signal into its
original components.
- Decompose/demodulate signals.
 Path : - the channel through which a signal travels.
- the physical link.
 Channel : a portion of a path that carries a transmission
between a given pair of devices.

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 PP 11.1.4

5.2 MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUES

MULTIPLEXING

(1) (2) (3)

FREQUENCY TIME DIVISION WAVE DIVISION
DIVISION MULTIPLEXING MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING (TDM) (WDM)
(FDM)

(1) (2)
SYNCHRONOUS ASYNCHRONOUS

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 PP 11.1.5

5.2.1 FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing)

D
M Channel 1
E
U Channel 2 M
Channel 3
X U
X

 Definition - the combining of analog signals into a single

signals.
- bandwidth of a link > the combined
bandwidth of the signals to be transmitted.
- the link is sectioned by frequency/channel

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 PP 11.1.6

 Guard band - a bandwidth separating 2 signals.

- function: keep the modulated signals
from overlapping & interfering with
one another.
- channels are separated by guard bands.

 Characteristics - (1) Each signal modulates in different

carrier frequency.
- (2) The modulated carriers are combined
to form a new signal that is then sent
across the link.
- (3) - Multiplexers modulates & combine
signals.
- Demultiplexers decompose &
demodulate.

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 PP 11.1.7

 Purpose of FDM:
- Find minimum bandwidth (bandwidth of the path)
- Find maximum bandwidth (bandwidth for each
devices)

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 PP 11.1.8

EXAMPLE:
Minimum
Maximum
Bandwidt
Bandwidt
h
h
80 Hz 300 Hz
CHANNEL 1
D
M E
80 Hz
U CHANNEL 2 M
X U
CHANNEL 3
80 Hz X

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 PP 11.1.9

Q1 : Given the following information, find the minimum

bandwidth for the path:
FDM Multiplexing
5 devices, each requiring 4000 Hz
200 Hz guard band for each device.

A1 :
Min bandwidth = 5 * 4000 + (5-1)*200
= 20000 + 800
= 20800 Hz
= 20.8 KHz

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 PP 11.1.10

Q2 : Given the following information, find the maximum bandwidth for

each signal source:
FDM Multiplexing
Total available bandwidth = 7900 Hz
3 signal sources
A 200 Hz guard band for each device

A1 :
Bandwidth without guard bands = 7900 – (3-1)*200 = 7500 Hz
Bandwidth for each station = 7500/3
= 2500 Hz
= 2.5 KHz

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 PP 11.2.1

5.2.2 TDM (Time Division Multiplexing)

 Definition - technique of combining signals coming
from low-speed channels to share time on
a high-speed path.
- data rate capacity of transmission medium
> data rate required by sending & receiving
devices.
 The link is sectioned by time rather than frequency.
frequency

D
M E
U 3 2 1 M
X U
X

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 PP 11.2.3

Implementation of TDM:
SYNCHRONOUS TDM
 Definition - a method of TDM in which multiplexing is
done on a fixed, predetermined basis.
 Characteristics - (1) Multiplexer allocates exactly the
same time slot to each devices at all
times, whether or not a device has
anything to transmit.
- (2) If a device is unable to transmit or
does not have data to send, its time
slot remains empty.

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 PP 11.2.4

4 inputs
The maximum data
to be transmitted

Frame n Frame 2 Frame 1

M ...
U
X
Number of inputs : 4
Number of slots in each frame : 4

• num of slots in each frame depend on num of inputs.

• num of frame depend on the maximum num of msg/data.

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 PP 11.2.5
Example : Synchronous TDM, multiplexing process

AAAAAA

BBB
M A D A DC A DCBA DCB A DC B A

U
CCCC X Each device sending different message

DDDDD

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 PP 11.2.6
Example : Synchronous TDM, demultiplexing process

AAAAAA

D
BBB
A D DC A D CB A D CB A D CB A E
M
U CCCC
X
DDDDD

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 PP 11.2.7

ASYNCHRONOUS TDM
 Definition - A TDM in which link time is allocated
dynamically according to whether a
terminal is active or not.
 Characteristics - (1) The total speed of the input lines
can be greater than the capacity of
the path.
- (2) Flexible or not fixed.

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 PP 11.2.8

4 inputs

Frame n Frame 2 Frame 1

M ...
U
X
Number of inputs : 4
Number of slots in each frame : 3

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 PP 11.2.9

Example : Asynchronous TDM Frames

AAAAAA
1

2
M A1A1 E5C3A1 E5C3A1 E5C3A1 E5C3A1
CCCC
3 U
X a) Case 1 : Only 3 lines sending data
4

EEEE
5

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 PP 11.2.10

AAAAAA
1

2
M A1A1E5 D4 C3 A1 E5D4C3 A1E5D4 C3A1E5 D4C3A1
CCCC
3 U
DDDD
X b) Case 2 : Only 4 lines sending data
4

EEEE
5

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 PP 11.2.11

AAAAAA
1

BBB
2
M A1A1E5 D4C3A1 E5D4C3 B2A1E5 D4C3B2 A1E5D4 C3B2A1
CCCC
3 U
X c) Case 3 : All five lines sending data
DDDD
4

EEEE
5

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EXERCISES
1. Draw the synchronous TDM frames showing the character data,
given the following information:

Four signal sources:

Source 1 message : X F I L E
Source 2 message : I S
Source 3 message :
Source 4 message : F I L E

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2. Draw the complete asynchronous TDM frames showing the
character data, given the following information: (Frame size = 3)

Four signal sources:

Source 1 message : _ R S L
Source 2 message : M B D G
Source 3 message : O _ _ G
Source 4 message : T F N _

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3. Given the following information, find the minimum bandwidth for
the path:

FDM multiplexing
4 devices, each requiring 2000 Hz
100 Hz guard band for each device.

4. Given the following information, find the maximum bandwidth for

each signal source:

FDM multiplexing
Total available bandwidth = 5500 Hz
3 signal sources
A 200 Hz guard band for each device.

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