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    Error Detection and Correction

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    Hamza Awan
    - Errors can occur when bits are altered during transmission and reception, including single bit errors and burst errors involving multiple contiguous bits. - Error detection techniques like parity bits and cyclic redundancy checks (CRC) are used to detect errors by adding redundant check bits to transmitted data. - Parity bits indicate whether the number of 1s in a data block is even or odd. CRC uses a mathematical algorithm to generate a checksum over data bits for error detection on receipt.

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    Error Detection and Correction

    Uploaded by

    Hamza Awan
    43 views21 pages
    - Errors can occur when bits are altered during transmission and reception, including single bit errors and burst errors involving multiple contiguous bits. - Error detection techniques like parity bits and cyclic redundancy checks (CRC) are used to detect errors by adding redundant check bits to transmitted data. - Parity bits indicate whether the number of 1s in a data block is even or odd. CRC uses a mathematical algorithm to generate a checksum over data bits for error detection on receipt.

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    Error-Detection-12042020-032111pm

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    - Errors can occur when bits are altered during transmission and reception, including single bit errors and burst errors involving multiple contiguous bits. - Error detection techniques like parity bits and cyclic redundancy checks (CRC) are used to detect errors by adding redundant check bits to transmitted data. - Parity bits indicate whether the number of 1s in a data block is even or odd. CRC uses a mathematical algorithm to generate a checksum over data bits for error detection on receipt.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    43 views21 pages

    Error Detection and Correction

    Uploaded by

    Hamza Awan
    - Errors can occur when bits are altered during transmission and reception, including single bit errors and burst errors involving multiple contiguous bits. - Error detection techniques like parity bits and cyclic redundancy checks (CRC) are used to detect errors by adding redundant check bits to transmitted data. - Parity bits indicate whether the number of 1s in a data block is even or odd. CRC uses a mathematical algorithm to generate a checksum over data bits for error detection on receipt.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    Error Detection and Correction

    Types of Errors
     An error occurs when a bit is altered between
    transmission and reception
     Binary 1 is transmitted and binary 0 is received
     Binary 0 is transmitted and binary 1 is received

    Single bit
    Burst errors
    errors
    Contiguous sequence of B bits in which
    the first and last bits and any number of
    Isolated error that alters one bit but
    intermediate bits are received in error
    does not affect nearby bits

    Can be caused by impulse noise or by


    fading in a mobile wireless environment

    Can occur in the presence of white


    noise Effects of burst errors are greater at
    higher data rates
    Sent
    0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1
    bits corrupted by error

    0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
    Received single-bit
    burst error of
    length B = 10 error

    Figure 6.1 Burst and Single-Bit Err ors


    Error Detection
     An impulse noise event or a fading event of 1 us
    occurs. At a data rate of 10 Mbps, how many bits
    are corrupted by burst error. At a data rate of
    100 Mbps, how many bits are corrupted by burst
    error.
    Error Detection
     An impulse noise event or a fading event of 1 us
    occurs. At a data rate of 10 Mbps, how many bits
    are corrupted by burst error. At a data rate of
    100 Mbps, how many bits are corrupted by burst
    error.
    Answer: 10 bits (when 10 Mbps), 100 bits
    (When 100 Mbps)
    Error Detection
     Regardless of design you will have errors, resulting in the change of one or more bits in a
    transmitted frame

     Frames
     Data transmitted as one or more contiguous sequences of bits

    • Probability that a bit is received in error; also known as the bit error rate
    Pbb (BER)

    • Probability that a frame arrives with no bit errors


    P11
    • Probability that, with an error-detecting algorithm in use, a frame arrives
    P22 with one or more undetected errors

    • Probability that, with an error-detecting algorithm in use, a frame arrives


    P33 with one or more detected bit errors but no undetected bit errors

     The probability that a frame arrives with no bit errors decreases when the probability of a single bit
    error increases

     The probability that a frame arrives with no bit errors decreases with increasing frame length
     The longer the frame, the more bits it has and the higher the probability that one of these is in
    error
    Error Detection

     Where F is the number of bits in a frame


     Pb is probability that any bit is in error
    (constant)
     P1 is probability that frame arrives with no
    error
     P2 is probability that frames arrives with
    one or more undetected errors
     Assume a channel with data rate of 64-
    kbps. Frame length is 1000 bit. Calculate
    number of frames per day.
     Assume a channel with data rate of 64-
    kbps. Frame length is 1000 bit. Calculate
    number of frames per day.
     Answer: 5.529 x 106

     Ifsystem allows 1 frame with undetected


    bit error per day, then Calculate the
    allowed probability.
     Assume a channel with data rate of 64-
    kbps. Frame length is 1000 bit. Calculate
    number of frames per day.
     Answer: 5.529 x 106

     Ifsystem allows 1 frame with undetected


    bit error per day then Calculate the
    allowed probability.
     Answer: 0.18 x 10-6
     Assume a channel with data rate of 64-
    kbps. Frame length is 1000 bit. Calculate
    number of frames per day.
     Answer: 5.529 x 106

     Ifsystem allows 1 frame with undetected


    bit error. Calculate the allowed probability.
     Answer: 0.18 x 10-6

     Assume, Pb = 10-6 = 1/106, calculate the


    probability of undetected errors
    Error Detection

     Where F is the number of bits in a frame


     Pb is probability that any bit is in error
    (constant)
     P1 is probability that frame arrives with no
    error
     P2 is probability that frames arrives with
    one or more undetected errors
     Assume a channel with data rate of 64-
    kbps. Frame length is 1000 bit. Calculate
    number of frames per day.
     Answer: 5.529 x 106

     Ifsystem allows 1 frame with undetected


    bit error. Calculate the allowed probability.
     Answer: 0.18 x 10-6

     Assume, Pb = 10-6, calculate the probability


    of undetected errors
     Answer: 10-3
    Error Detection
    k bits

    data data'

    E = f(d a ta ) E' = f(data') COMPARE

    Receiver
    data

    n – k bits E , E ' = e r r o r -d e te c tin g c o d e s


    f = e r r o r -d e te c tin g c o d e fu n c tio n
    n bits

    Transmitter

    Figure 6.2 Error Detection Process


    Three approaches to detect errors
    • The use of parity bits
    • The internet checksum technique
    • Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)
    Parity Check
     The simplest error detecting scheme is to
    append a parity bit to the end of a block of
    data Even parity Odd parity
    Even number of 1s Odd number of 1s
    • Used for synchronous • Used for asynchronous
    transmission transmission

     If
    any even number of bits are inverted
    due to error, an undetected error occurs
    Single bit Parity
     1110001
     Parity Bit (Even  ?, Odd  ?)
     11100001 (Transmitted)
     11100001 (Received)
     11110001 (Received)
     10100001 (Received)
     10000001 (Received)
     11000000 (Received)
    2-Dimensional Parity Check
    row
    parity
    b 1,1 b 1,j r1

    b 2,1 b 2,j r2

    b i,1 b i,j ri
    column
    parity c1 cj p

    (a) Parity calculation

    0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
    row parity
    0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 error
    0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
    0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
    0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
    column
    parity error

    (b) No errors (c) Correctable single-bit error

    0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
    0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
    0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
    0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
    1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
    1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
    (d) Uncorrectable error pattern

    Figure 6.3 A Two-Dimensional Even Parity Scheme

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